Ungakhathazeki Ngabafana, ngakumbi Amakhwenkwe aBantwana

Sihlala sisiva ukuba amakhwenkwe kufuneka akhathazwe ukuze angabi ngoosisi. Ubungqongqo babazali kwiintsana bude bubhiyozelwe "njengokonakalisa umntwana."

Akulunganga! Ezi mbono zisekwe kukungaqondi ngendlela abantwana abakhula ngayo. Endaweni yoko, iintsana zixhomekeke kwithenda, ukukhathalelwa okuphendulayo ukuze zikhule kakuhle-zikhokelele kuzibamba, kubuchule bokuhlala nakwinkxalabo ngabanye.

Uphengululo lophando olunamandla luye lwaphuma nje nguAllan N. Schore, obizwa ngokuba "Zonke Iinyana Zethu: Uphuhliso lweNeurobiology kunye neNeuroendocrinology yaMakhwenkwe asemngciphekweni."

Olu hlaziyo lucokisekileyo lubonisa ukuba kutheni kufanelekile ukuba sizikhathaze ngendlela esiwaphatha ngayo amakhwenkwe kwasekuqaleni ebomini babo. Nazi iimbalasane ezimbalwa:

Kutheni le nto amava obomi bokuqala enefuthe kumakhwenkwe ngakumbi kunamantombazana?

• Amakhwenkwe akhula kancinci emzimbeni, ngokwasentlalweni nangokolwimi.
• Uxinzelelo-lokulawula ubuchwephesha bokujikeleza luvuthwa kancinci ngakumbi kumakhwenkwe ngokuzalwa, ngokwasemzimbeni nangasemva kokubeleka.
• Amakhwenkwe achaphazeleka ngokungalunganga ngoxinzelelo lwendalo kwangethuba, ngaphakathi nangaphandle kwesibeleko, kunamantombazana. Amantombazana aneendlela ezakhelweyo ngaphakathi ezikhuthaza ukomelela koxinzelelo.

Achaphazeleka njani amakhwenkwe ngaphezu kwamantombazana?

• Amakhwenkwe asengozini yoxinzelelo koomama kunye noxinzelelo esibelekweni, kwintlungu yokuzalwa (umzekelo, ukwahlukana nomama), kunye nokhathalelo olungaphenduliyo (ukhathalelo olubashiya besebunzimeni). Oku kubandakanya ukuxhwaleka kokuncamathisela kunye nefuthe elibonakalayo ekukhuleni kwengqondo ye-hemisphere yasekunene-ekhula ngokukhawuleza ebomini bokuqala kunendawo yengqondo yasekhohlo. I-hemisphere yasekunene ihlala isungula ukuzilawula kwengqondo kokulawula okuhambelana nokuzilawula kunye noluntu.
• Ixesha eliqhelekileyo amakhwenkwe asandul 'ukuzalwa asabela ngokwahlukileyo kuvavanyo lokuziphatha kwe-neonatal, ebonisa amanqanaba aphezulu e-cortisol (i-hormone yokuvuselela ebonisa uxinzelelo) emva koko kunamantombazana.
• Kwiinyanga ezintandathu, amakhwenkwe abonisa ukukhathazeka ngakumbi kunamantombazana. Kwiinyanga ezili-12, amakhwenkwe abonisa impendulo enkulu kwizinto ezingathandekiyo.
• UShore ucaphula uphando olwenziwe nguTronick, oqukumbele ngelithi “Amakhwenkwe ... Oku kunyanzeliswa kufunekayo kuya kuchaphazela iqabane lamakhwenkwe asebenzisanayo ”. (Iphepha 4).

Yintoni esinokugqiba ngayo kwidatha?

Amakhwenkwe asengozini yokufumana iingxaki ze-neuropsychiatric ezibonakala zikhula (amantombazana asesichengeni sokufumana iingxaki kamva). Oku kubandakanya i-autism, i-schizophrenia yokuqala, i-ADHD, kunye nokuphazamiseka kokuziphatha. Oku kuye kwanda kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje (ngethamsanqa, njengoko uninzi lwabantwana lubekwe kuseto lokhathalelo lwemini, phantse zonke ezo zibonelela ngononophelo olungonelanga kwiintsana; IZiko leLizwe lezeMpilo yaBantwana noPhuhliso lwaBantu, iNethiwekhi yoPhando lwaBantwana abaQalayo, 2003).

Schore uthi, “xa kuthelekiswa nobuntwana obucothayo bokukhula kwengqondo, ukusebenza kukamama okukhuselekileyo njengolawulo olusabelayo, nolusebenzayo luchaphazela ubuchopho bakhe obungekakhuli kakuhle kunyaka wokuqala kubalulekile ekuphuculeni intlalo yamadoda.” (iphepha 14)

"Lilonke, amaphepha andulelayo alo msebenzi abonisa ukuba umahluko phakathi kwesini kwiipateni zentsontelo yobuchopho ezenza umahluko ngokwesini kwimisebenzi yezentlalo kunye neemvakalelo zisekwe kwasekuqaleni kobomi; ikhowudi, kodwa eyakhiwe ngokwendalo yimeko yokuqala yoluntu kunye neyasemzimbeni; kwaye ukuba ingqondo yabantu abadala abangamadoda nabasetyhini imele ukuhambelana kokusebenza kakuhle komntu. (iphepha 26)

Unonophelo olungafanelekanga lubonakala njani kwiminyaka yokuqala yobomi?

“Ngokuchaseneyo okuphawuleka kule meko yokuncamatheliswa kokukhulisa, kwimeko yokukhula enxulumene nobunzima emva kokubeleka, ngaphantsi kobuntununtunu obuninzi bomama, ukuphendula, kunye nommiselo kunxulunyaniswa nokuncamathiselwa okungakhuselekanga. Kwezona ndawo ziphosakeleyo zokukhulisa ubudlelwane kunye nokuphathwa gadalala (ukuxhatshazwa kunye / okanye ukungahoywa), umnonopheli ophambili wosana olungakhuselekanga olungalunganga-oluchaphazelayo lubangela imeko ezibi zokunyamezeleka okungalunganga emntwaneni (AN Schore, 2001b, 2003b) . Ngenxa yoko, iinkqubo ezingalunganga ze-allostatic zivelisa ukunxiba okugqithisileyo kunye nokukrazula kwingqondo ekhulayo, ukuhanjiswa okungathandekiyo kwe-apoptotic yemijikelezo yoxinzelelo lwe-subcortical-cortical, kunye neziphumo ezibi zempilo zexesha elide (McEwen & Gianaros, 2011). Ukuxhalaba okunxulumene nobudlelwane kumaxesha okuqala obunzima bokukhula kwengqondo ke ngoko kuphembelela ukuvuselelwa komzimba okusisigxina kwengqondo, kuguqula ukunxibelelana kwe-corticolimbic kwi-HPA, kwaye kuvelise ukubakho kochaphazeleko lwamva lokuchaphazeleka komgaqo obonakaliswe kukusilela ekujonganeni noxinzelelo lwexesha elizayo kwezentlalo. Ngaphambili, bendichaza ukuba iingqondo zamadoda akhula kancinci zisemngciphekweni kolu hlobo lokuncamathisela ludodobeleyo, olubonakaliswa kukusilela okukhulu kwintlalo nakwezemvakalelo. ” (iphepha 13)

Ngaba inkathalo efanelekileyo ijongeka njani kwingqondo?

“Kwimeko efanelekileyo yophuhliso, indlela yokuncamathela kwindalo, ukukhula ngexesha lokukhula kwengqondo elungileyo, yiyo loo nto ivumela iimeko ze-epigenetic kwimeko yezentlalo ukuba zichaphazele iinkqubo ze-genomic kunye ne-hormonal kumanqanaba e-subcortical kunye ne-cortical brain. Ukuphela konyaka wokuqala ukuya kowesibini, amaziko aphezulu kwindawo elungileyo ye-orbitofrontal kunye ne-ventromedial cortices aqala ukwenza unxibelelwano oludibeneyo lwe-synaptic kunye namaziko asezantsi e-subcortical, kubandakanya neenkqubo zokuvuselela ubushushu embindini kunye nesiqu sobuchopho kunye ne-axis ye-HPA, ngaloo ndlela ivumela yezicwangciso ezintsonkothileyo zokuchaphazela umgaqo, ngakumbi ngamaxesha oxinzelelo lomntu. Oko kwathethi, njengoko bendiphawulile kwi-1994, i-orbitofrontal cortex elungileyo, inkqubo yolawulo lokuncamathisela, esebenza ngokuvuthwa ngokweethayimthebhile ezahlukeneyo kubantu ababhinqileyo nakwamadoda, kwaye ke, umahluko kunye nokukhula kuzinzisa ngaphambili kwabasetyhini kunakwamadoda (AN Schore, 1994). Nokuba yeyiphi na imeko, iimeko ezifanelekileyo zokuncamathisela zivumela ukuphuhliswa kwenkqubo esekunene yokusebenza ngokufanelekileyo kunye nokuthintela ingxelo kwi-HPA axis kunye ne-autonomic arousal, izinto eziyimfuneko kubuchule bokumelana ngokugqibeleleyo. (iphepha 13)

Qaphela: Nantsi inqaku lakutshanje Ukucacisa ukunamathela.

Iziphumo ezichaphazela abazali, iingcali kunye nabenzi bomgaqo-nkqubo:

1. Qaphela ukuba amakhwenkwe afuna ngaphezulu, hayi ngaphantsi, kukhathalelo kunamantombazana.

2. Ukuphonononga zonke iindlela zokuzalwa esibhedlele. Inyathelo lokuqala leSibhedlele elisisiNtu sisisiqalo kodwa alonelanga. Ngokwokuphononongwa kutsha nje kophando, zininzi i-epigenetic kunye nezinye iziphumo eziqhubekayo ngexesha lokuzalwa.

Ukwahlulwa kukamama nomntwana ekuzalweni kuyingozi kubo bonke abantwana, kodwa uShorere uchaza ingozi eyenzeka ngakumbi kubafana:

"Ukuveza umntwana osandul 'ukuzalwa ... koxinzelelo lokwahlula kubangela ukonyuka okunamandla kwecortisol kwaye ke kungathathwa njengoxinzelelo olukhulu" (Kunzler, Braun, & Bock, 2015, iphe. 862). Ukwahlulwa okuphindiweyo kukhokelela kukuziphatha okunganyamezelekiyo, kunye "notshintsho ... lwendlela yangaphambi kwembambo, okt, imimandla engasebenziyo kubuchwephesha bengqondo" (iphe. 862).

3. Nika inkathalo ephendulayo . Oomama, ootata kunye nabanye abantu abakhathalela abantwana kufuneka bakuphephe nakuphi na ukubandezeleka okukhulu emntwaneni- "ukunyamezela ifuthe elibi." Endaweni yokuphathwa gadalala ngesiqhelo kwamadoda ("ukubenza babe ngamadoda") ngokubayekisa bakhale njengeentsana kwaye ubaxelele ukuba mabangakhali njengamakhwenkwe, ngokubamba uthando kunye nezinye iindlela "zokubomeleza," amakhwenkwe amancinci kufuneka anyangwe. ngendlela eyahlukileyo: ngovelwano kunye nentlonipho ngeemfuno zabo zokuxinana kunye nobubele.

Qaphela ukuba amakhwenkwe angaphambi kwexesha akakwazi ukunxibelelana ngokuzenzekelayo nabanonopheli kwaye ke kufuneka ahoyeke ngokukhethekileyo njengoko inkqubela phambili ye-neurobiological iqhubeka.

4. Nika ikhefu elihlawulelwayo lobuzali . Ukuze abazali babonelele ngokhathalelo oluphendulayo, bafuna ixesha, ukugxila kunye namandla. Oku kuthetha ukufudukela kwikhefu loomama nootata elihlawulelweyo ubuncinci unyaka, ixesha apho iintsana zisengozini. ISweden ineminye imigaqo-nkqubo elungele usapho eyenza ukuba kube lula kubazali ukuba baphendule.

5. Lumkela ityhefu yokusingqongileyo. Enye into endingakhange ndiyilungise, eyenziwa nguShore, ziziphumo zetyhefu yendalo esingqongileyo. Amakhwenkwe amancinci achaphazeleka kakubi ziityhefu zokusingqongileyo eziphazamisa nengqondo yophuhliso lwengqondo (umzekelo, iiplastiki ezinjengeBpA, bis-phenol-A). UShorere uyavumelana nesindululo sikaLamphear (2015) sokuba “ukonyuka kokukhubazeka okukhulayo kunxulunyaniswa neetyhefu zokusingqongileyo kwingqondo ekhulayo.” Oku kuphakamisa ukuba kufuneka silumke ngakumbi malunga nokubeka imichiza enetyhefu emoyeni wethu, emhlabeni nasemanzini. Esi sisihloko sesinye isithuba sebhlog.

Isiphelo

Ewe kunjalo, akufuneki sikhathazeke ngamakhwenkwe kuphela kodwa sithathe amanyathelo ngazo zonke iintsana. Kufuneka sinikeze ukhathalelo lokondla kubo bonke abantwana. Bonke abantwana balindele kwaye badinga, kuphuhliso olufanelekileyo, indlwane eguqukileyo, isiseko sokhathalelo lwakwangoko olubonelela ngononophelo, ukhathalelo lokunciphisa uxinzelelo olukhulisa ukukhula kwengqondo okufanelekileyo. Ilebhu yam ifunda ngeNdalo eguqukileyo kwaye iyifumana inxulumene nazo zonke iziphumo ezilungileyo zomntwana esizifundileyo.

Inqaku elilandelayo: Kutheni ukhathazeka ngokuGcinwa kwamadoda? Ukuziphatha okuhle!

Qaphela ngolwaluko:

Abafundi baphakamise imibuzo malunga nolwaluko. Ugcino lwedatha lase-USA oluqwalaselwe nguGqirha Schore aluzange lubandakanye ulwazi malunga nolwaluko, ke akukho ndlela yokwazi ukuba ingaba ezinye zezinto ezifunyanisiweyo zingenzeka ngenxa yokonzakala kokwaluka, okusasazeke e-USA. Funda ngakumbi malunga nefuthe ngokwasemphefumlweni lolwaluko apha.

Qaphela kuqikelelo olusisiseko:

Xa ndibhala ngokukhulisa abantwana, ndicinga ngokubaluleka kwendlwana eguqukileyo okanye i-niche yophuhliso (ye-EDN) yokukhulisa iintsana ezingabantu (eziqale zavela ngaphezulu kwesigidi se-30 kwiminyaka eyadlulayo ngokuvela kwezilwanyana ezanyisayo kwaye zitshintshiwe kancinane phakathi kwabantu amaqela asekwe kuphando lwe-anthropological).

I-EDN sisiseko endisisebenzisayo ukuvavanya ukuba yintoni ekhuthaza impilo yabantu, impilo kunye nokuziphatha okuhle. I-niche ibandakanya ubuncinci oku kulandelayo: ukuncancisa usana kangangeminyaka eliqela, phantse ukuthintela rhoqo, ukuphendula kwiimfuno zokuphepha ukubandezeleka kosana, ukudlala ubudlelwane nabantu abadlala nabo abaneminyaka emininzi, abanonopheli abadala abadala, inkxaso elungileyo kwezentlalo, kunye namava athobisayo .

Zonke iimpawu ze-EDN zinxulunyaniswe nempilo kwizifundo ezanyisayo nakwizifundo zabantu (uphononongo, jonga uNarvaez, iPanksepp, iShore kunye neGleason, 2013; UNarvaez, uValentino, uFuentes, uMcKenna kunye noGrey, 2014; UNarvaez, 2014) Ke, ukushenxa kude ne-EDN Isiseko siyingozi kwaye kufuneka sixhaswe ngedatha yobude bexesha elide sijonga imiba emininzi yempilo yengqondo kunye ne-neurobiological kwimpilo yabantwana nakubantu abadala. Amagqabantshintshi kunye nezithuba zam zivela kwezi ngcinga zisisiseko.

Ilabhoratri yam yophando ikubhalile ukubaluleka kwe-EDN yempilo-ntle yabantwana kunye nophuhliso lokuziphatha kunye namaphepha amaninzi kwimisebenzi (jonga iwebhusayithi ukukhuphela amaphepha).

I-Lanphear, i-B.P. (2015). Impembelelo yeetyhefu kwingqondo ekhulayo. Uphengululo lonyaka lweMpilo yoLuntu, 36, 211-230.

UMcEwen, BS, kunye noGianaros, uPJ (2011). Uxinzelelo- kunye ne-allostasis-induction yeplastiki yengqondo. Uphengululo lonyaka loNyango, 62, 431-445.

IShore, AN (1994). Ukuchaphazela ummiselo wemvelaphi yesiqu sakho. I-neurobiology yophuhliso lweemvakalelo. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.

IShore, AN (2001a). Iziphumo zobudlelwane obukhuselekileyo bokuncamathela kuphuhliso lobuchopho obuchanekileyo, zichaphazela ulawulo, kunye nempilo yengqondo yabantwana. Ijenali yezempilo yengqondo yabantwana, 22, 7-66.

IShore, AN (2001b). Iziphumo zoxinzelelo lomtshato ekukhuleni kwengqondo elungileyo, zichaphazela ulawulo, kunye nempilo yengqondo yabantwana. Ijenali yezempilo yengqondo yabantwana, 22, 201-269.

IShore, A. N. (2017). Bonke oonyana bethu: Uphuhliso lwe-neurobiology kunye neuroendocrinology yamakhwenkwe asemngciphekweni. Ijenali yeMpilo yeNgqondo yaBantwana, i-e-pub ngaphambi kwephepha lokuprinta: 10.1002 / imhj.21616

IZiko leSizwe lezeMpilo yaBantwana noPhuhliso lwaBantu, iNethiwekhi yoPhando lwaBantwana abaKhulayo (2003). Ngaba ixesha elichithwe kukhathalelo lwabantwana liqikelela uhlengahlengiso lwentlalo ngexesha lotshintsho kwi-Kindergarten? Umbutho woPhando kuPhuhliso lwaBantwana, Inc.