Ithiyori yeBf Skinner Yokomeleza

Umxholo

• Le ithiyori isasebenza nanamhlanje xa kufikwa kumba wokuchaza iinkqubo zokufunda.
• Ngubani uBF Skinner?
• Ithini ithiyori yokomeleza?
• Zeziphi iintlobo zokomeleza ezikhoyo?
• 1. Izikhuthazi ezifanelekileyo
• 3. Iziqinisi ezingalunganga
• Iinkqubo zokuqinisa zikaSkinner
• 1. Ukuqinisa okuqhubekayo
• 2. Ukuqinisa okungaphakathi
• Ukugxekwa kwethiyori kaSkinner

Le ithiyori isasebenza nanamhlanje xa kufikwa kumba wokuchaza iinkqubo zokufunda.

Kubonakala kucacile ukucinga ukuba, ukuba emva kokwenza isimilo esithile sifumana ibhaso okanye umvuzo, kunokwenzeka ukuba siyiphinde kwakhona. Emva kwalo mgaqo, onokubonakala ucacile kuthi, luthotho lweengcinga kunye neethiyori ezifundwayo kwaye zaxoxwa kuyo yonke imbali yengqondo.

Omnye wabakhuseli abaphambili bale ndlela yayingu UBurrhus Frederic Skinner, owathi ngokusebenzisa ingcaciso yakhe yoQinisekiso wazama ukunika inkcazo ekusebenzeni kokuziphatha komntu ekuphenduleni kwisikhuthazi esithile.

Ngubani uBF Skinner?

Ingcali yeengqondo, ifilosofi, umqambi kunye nombhali. Le yeminye yemisebenzi enikwe ugqirha wezengqondo owaziwayo, ovela eMelika, uBurrhus Frederic Skinner. Uthathwa njengomnye wababhali abaziintloko kunye nabaphandi ngaphakathi kwendlela yokuziphatha yaseNyakatho Melika.

Enye yezinto zakhe eziphambili zokufunda yayikukuziphatha komntu. Ngokukodwa, yayifuna ukucacisa ukuba isebenza njani ekuphenduleni izinto ezahlukeneyo ezinokuba nefuthe kuyo.

Ngokusetyenziswa kovavanyo kunye nokujonga indlela yokuziphatha kwezilwanyana, U-Skinner uchaze iithiyori zakhe zokuqala malunga nendima yokuqiniswa ekuziphatheni, ukudala kwezi migaqo zethiyori yenkqubo yokusebenza.

Kwi-Skinner, ukusetyenziswa kokubizwa ngokuba kukuqiniswa okuhle kunye nokubi kwakubalulekile ukuguqula indlela yokuziphatha kwabantu neyezilwanyana; nokuba kukwandisa okanye ukuphucula iindlela ezithile zokuziphatha okanye ukubathintela okanye ukubasusa.

Ngokukwanjalo, uSkinner wayenomdla ekusetyenzisweni kweengcamango zakhe; ukudala "imfundo ecwangcisiweyo". Kule nkqubo yenkqubo yemfundo, abafundi bachazelwa uthotho lweencindi ezincinci zolwazi ekufuneka bazifunde ngokulandelelana ukuze badlulele kwinucleus yolwazi elandelayo.

Okokugqibela, u-Skinner ukwabangele uthotho lwezincoko ezirhangqwe yingxabano ethile apho acebisa ukusetyenziswa kweendlela zokulungisa indlela yokuziphatha kwengqondo ngenjongo yokuba ukwandisa umgangatho woluntu kwaye ngaloo ndlela ukomeleza ulonwabo lwabantu, njengohlobo lobunjineli kwezentlalo lokonwaba kunye nentlalo-ntle yamadoda nabafazi.

Ithini ithiyori yokomeleza?

Ithiyori yokomeleza ephuhliswe nguSkinner, okwabizwa ngokuba yimeko yokusebenza okanye imeko yesixhobo, uzama ukuchaza indlela abantu abaziphatha ngayo ngokunxibelelana nokusingqongileyo okanye inkuthazo ejikelezileyo.

Sebenzisa indlela yovavanyo, uSkinner uza kwisigqibo sokuba ukubonakala kwesikhuthazi kubangela impendulo emntwini. Ukuba le mpendulo ikwimeko yokusebenzisa into elungileyo okanye engalunganga yokuqinisa, impembelelo inokunyanzeliswa ekuphenduleni kokuziphatha okanye kwindlela yokuziphatha, enokuphuculwa okanye ukuthintelwa.

U-Skinner useke ukuba isimilo sigcinwa kwimeko enye okanye imeko ukuya kwenye okoko iziphumo, oko kukuthi, abaxhasi bengatshintshi okanye benze ngokulandela imigaqo ethile, "imigaqo" ekufuneka ifunyenwe. Iziphumo, Ukuziphatha komntu kunye nezilwanyana kunokubakho imeko okanye uhlengahlengiswe kusetyenziswa uthotho lwezinto ezinokuthi zithathele ingqalelo isifundo ngokwanelisayo okanye hayi.

Ukucaciswa ngokulula ngakumbi, ithiyori yoQinisekiso igxininisa ukuba umntu kunokwenzeka ngakumbi ukuba aphindaphinde indlela yokuziphatha eqiniswe ngokuqinisekileyo, kunye nokuba nokubanakho ukuphinda indlela yokuziphatha enxulunyaniswa nesikhuthazo esibi okanye ukomeleza.

Zeziphi iintlobo zokomeleza ezikhoyo?

Ukukhuthazwa okunemiqathango okanye okomelezayo, kokubini okuhle nokubi, kunokusetyenziselwa ukulungisa okanye ukutshintsha indlela aziphethe ngayo umntu. Ezi ziluncedo kakhulu kunyango lwengqondo nakwisikolo, usapho okanye indawo yokusebenza.

I-Skinner yahlula phakathi kweentlobo ezimbini zokuqiniswa: iziqinisi eziqinisekileyo kunye neziqinisi ezingezizo.

1. Izikhuthazi ezifanelekileyo

Ukuqiniswa okuqinisekileyo zonke ezo ziphumo zibonakala emva kokuziphatha kwaye umntu azithathe njengezonelisayo okanye eziluncedo. Ngale nto yokuqinisa okanye eyonelisayo, injongo kukwandisa izinga lokuphendula lomntu, oko kukuthi, ukwandisa amathuba okwenza okanye ukuphinda isenzo.

Oku kuthetha ukuba izenzo eziqiniswe ngokuqinisekileyo ziya kuphinda ziphindwe kuba zikhona zilandelwa lulwaneliseko, imbuyekezo okanye imivuzo ethathwa njengefanelekileyo ngumntu owenza isenzo.

Kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba uqaphele ukuba ukuze lo mbutho usebenze, kufuneka kuqinisekiswe ukuba umntu uthathela ingqalelo ukuqiniswa okuqinisekileyo. Oko kukuthi, ukuba inomdla ngokwenene.

Into umntu anokuyithatha njengebhaso ayifanelanga ukuba yeyomnye. Umzekelo, umntwana ongafane anikwe ilekese unokuyibona njengomvuzo obaluleke ngakumbi kunalowo uyiqhelileyo. Ke ngoko Kuya kufuneka ukuba wazi izinto ezithile kunye nokwahluka komntu Ukucacisa ukuba yeyiphi eya kuba sisikhuthazi esifanelekileyo esiza kusebenza njengesikhuthazi esifanelekileyo.

Ngokulandelayo, ezi zintle zokuqinisa zinokuhlelwa kwezi ndidi zilandelayo:

3. Iziqinisi ezingalunganga

Ngokuchasene nenkolelo edumileyo, iziqinisi ezingalunganga azibandakanyi ukohlwaya okanye ukuphindezela umntu; Ukuba akunjalo ngokuchaseneyo. Ukusetyenziswa kweziqinisi ezingezizo kufuna ukunyusa izinga lokuphendula koku ukushenxisa ezo ziphumo zijonga njengezingalunganga.

Umzekelo, umntwana ofundela uvavanyo oluthile kwaye afumane amanqaku aphezulu. Kule meko, abazali bayamkhulula ekwenzeni nayiphi na imisebenzi yasekhaya okanye nakweyiphi na into engathandekiyo kuye.

Njengoko sibona, ngokungafaniyo nokuqiniswa okuqinisekileyo, kule meko ukubonakala kwesikhuthazi esibi okanye esikhuselayo kuyasuswa ukwandisa isimilo esithile. Nangona kunjalo, into abanayo ngokufanayo kukuba izikhuthazo ziya kufuneka zilungelelaniswe nezinto ezithandwa ngumntu.

Iinkqubo zokuqinisa zikaSkinner

Njengoko kuxoxiwe ekuqaleni kwenqaku, ukongeza kwithiyori malunga nokuziphatha komntu, U-Skinner wayefuna ukuzisa ezi ngcamango ukuba zenzeke ngokwenene. Ukwenza oku, waqulunqa uthotho lweenkqubo ezithile zokuqinisa, ezona zibalulekileyo kukuqhubeka kokuqiniswa kunye neenkqubo zokuqinisa ezomeleleyo (ukuqiniswa kwekhefu kunye nokuqiniswa kwesizathu).

1. Ukuqinisa okuqhubekayo

Ekuqiniseni okuqhubekayo, umntu uhlala evuzwa ngesenzo okanye isimilo. Olona ncedo luphambili kukuba umbutho uyakhawuleza kwaye uyasebenza; Nangona kunjalo, nje ukuba ukuqiniswa kususwe, isimilo naso siyafa ngokukhawuleza.

2. Ukuqinisa okungaphakathi

Kwezi meko , Ukuziphatha komntu kuqiniswa kuphela kwizihlandlo ezithile. Le nkqubo yahlulwe yangamacandelo amabini: ukuqiniswa kokuphumla (okungaguqukiyo okanye okungafaniyo) okanye ukuqiniswa kwesizathu (okungaguqukiyo okanye okungafaniyo)

Ekuqiniseni ithuba lokuziphatha kuqiniswa emva kwexesha elimiselweyo (okanye elimiselweyo) okanye ixesha elingahleliwe (eliguqukayo). Ngelixa ukomelezwa kwesizathu umntu kufuneka enze inani elithile lokuziphatha ngaphambi kokuba kuqiniswe. Njengakunyanzeliso lwexesha, eli nani leempendulo kunokuvunyelwana ngalo ngaphambili (lisisigxina) okanye hayi (ngokungacwangciswanga).

Ukugxekwa kwethiyori kaSkinner

Njengazo zonke iindawo zokufunda kunye nophando, ithiyori kaSkinner ayikho ngaphandle kwabagxeki. Abona bagxeki bezi hypotheses batyhola u-Skinner ngokungazinaki iimeko ezenzeka ekuziphatheni, yiyo loo nto edala ukunciphisa kakhulu ithiyori ngokuthembela kwindlela yokulinga. Nangona kunjalo, oku kugxekwa kuyaphindaphindwa ngokubiza ingqalelo kwinto yokuba kwindlela yokulinga imalunga nokubeka ingqwalaselo hayi ngqo kumntu, kodwa kwimeko, kwenzeka ntoni kwindalo esingqongileyo.