Iyelenqe: Ukuthandabuza ukuXhalaba

“Ukuthandabuza yonke into okanye ukukholelwa yonke into zizisombululo ezifanelekileyo; bobabini bahlukana nemfuneko yokucamngca, ”kubhala isazi ngezibalo nesithandi sobulumko uHenri Poincaré (ngenkulungwane ye-19) Inzululwazi kunye neHypothesis Ngo-1905). Kwisazinzulu, kukho "isidima sokuthandabuza," njengokuthandabuza, ukungaqiniseki, kunye nokuthandabuza okunempilo kubalulekile kwindlela yezenzululwazi (Allison et al., Inzululwazi yaseMelika , 2018). Inzululwazi, ngapha koko, iqhutywa "zizingelo kunye neembonakalo ezingacacanga" (Rozenblit kunye Keil, Inzululwazi yokuqonda , 2002).

Ngamanye amaxesha nangona kunjalo, kukho abo baxhaphazayo kwaye bakhethe ukungathandabuzeki ngokungafanelekanga (Allison et al., 2018; Lewandowsky et al., Inzululwazi yezeengqondo, 2013). Ezi zezi mathandabuzo mongers abasebenzisa "isayensi ngokuchasene nesayensi" ukwenza ingxabano. Bakujongela phantsi ukubaluleka kobunzululwazi bokungaqiniseki ngokukucel'umngeni ngabom, umzekelo, kunye nabo baluphikayo utshintsho lwemozulu (Goldberg naseVandenberg, Uphengululo ngeMpilo yeNdalo, 2019).

"Ukuthandabuza yimveliso yethu" yaba yimantra yeenkampani zecuba (iGoldberg kunye neVandenberg, 2019). Amanye amashishini azamile ukukhohlisa inkqubo yezomthetho ngokusetyenziswa koxilongo olulahlekisayo (umzekelo, ebhekisa "kwisifo sombefu wasemgodini" kunesifo esibulalayo "semiphunga emnyama"); ukudibanisa izifundo ezilungileyo nezifundo ezibuthathaka; Ukuqesha "iingcali" ngokuchasene ngokucacileyo komdla okanye ii-ajenda zabo; ukuphosa ukungathandabuzeki kwenye indawo (umzekelo, ukutshintsha ityala ukusuka kwiswekile uye kumanqatha xa zombini ezigqithisileyo zinokuba yingozi); idatha yokukhetha itsheri okanye ukubamba iziphumo ezingonakalisayo; kunye nokubheja ad hominem uhlaselo ngokuchasene nososayensi abanobuganga bokuthetha inyani kumandla (iGoldberg kunye neVandenberg, 2019).

Indawo egcwele ukungathandabuzeki yindawo evuthiweyo yokuphuhliswa kweethiyori zelenqe, ngakumbi kwimeko ye-intanethi. Ngoku sigcwele "ii-cascades zolwazi" (iSunstein neVermeule, Ijenali yefilosofi yezopolitiko , 2009), "infodemic," ngokungathi kunjalo (Teovanovic et al., Ukusetyenziswa kwengqondo kwengqondo, 2020), apho indima yendaba yemithombo yeendaba ingasekhoyo (Ibhotolo, Ubume beNkcazo yeQhinga , S. Howe, umguquleli, 2020). Ukongeza, i-intanethi isebenza njengohlobo lwe-Intanethi igumbi le-echo (Ibhotolo, 2020; UWang et al., EzentlaloInzululwazi kunye noNyango , 2019) enjengokuba ibango liphindaphindwa, kokukhona kubonakala kufanelekile, into ebizwa ngokuba yinto inyaniso engekhoyo (Brashier kunye noMatshi, Uphengululo lonyaka lweSayikholoji , 2020), kwaye kokukhona ingqina into esikholelwayo kuyo (okt. isiqinisekiso sokukhetha icala) . Ukuthandabuza kuya kuguquka.

Ithini ithiyori yelenqe? Yi isigwebo ukuba iqela lineenjongo ezingathandekiyo. Ithiyori zobuqhetseba zithathwa njengenkcubeko kwindalo iphela, zisasazekile, kwaye ayisiyonyani (van Prooijen kunye noVan Vugt, Ukujongwa kweNzululwazi yezeengqondo, 2018). Endaweni yesiphumo sokugula ngengqondo okanye "ukungabi nangqondo ngokulula," banokubonakalisa oko kuthiwa i-epistemology ekhubazekileyo , okt, ulwazi olunqunyelweyo lokulungisa (ISunstein kunye neVermeule, 2009).

Ithiyori zobuqhetseba zixhaphakile kwimbali, nangona zihlala zingena "kumaza alandelelanayo," ahlala edityaniswa ngamaxesha oxinzelelo lwentlalo (Hofstadter, Uhlobo lweParanoid kwezopolitiko zaseMelika , Uhlelo luka-1965). Amayelenqe, ewe, ayenzeka (umzekelo, iyelenqe lokubulala uJulius Caesar), kodwa kutshanje, ukubhala into ethile yelensi yelensi kuthetha ukuthotywa, ukubekwa amabala kunye nokuyenza ibe semthethweni (Ibhotolo, 2020).

Amayelenqe anezithako ezithile: Yonke into idityanisiwe, kwaye akukho nto yenzekayo ngengozi; izicwangciso zezangabom kwaye ziyimfihlo; iqela labantu liyabandakanyeka; kwaye iinjongo zeli qela ziyingozi, zisongela, okanye zikhohlisa (van Prooijen kunye noVan Vugt, 2018). Kukho ukutyekela ekuxoleleni nasekuyileni "thina-nxamnye nabo" ezingakhokelela kubundlobongela (UDouglas, Ijenali yaseSpain yeNzululwazi , 2021; Andrade, Amayeza, ukhathalelo lwezeMpilo kunye nefilosofi, 2020). Amayelenqe ayila intsingiselo, anciphisa ukungaqiniseki, kwaye agxininise iarhente yoluntu (Ibhotolo, 2020).

Isithandi sobulumko uKarl Popper wayengomnye wabokuqala ukusebenzisa eli gama ngendlela yanamhlanje xa wayebhala malunga ne "mpazamo" Ithiyori iyelenqe loluntu Oko kukuthi, nantoni na embi eyenzekayo (umzekelo, imfazwe, intlupheko, intswela ngqesho) ziziphumo ezizizo kwizicwangciso zabantu abakhohlakeleyo (Popper, Umbutho ovulekileyo kunye neentshaba zawo (1945). Ngapha koko, utshilo uPopper, kukho "iziphumo ebezingalindelekanga ekuhlaleni" ezivela ngabom izenzo zabantu.

Kwisincoko sakhe esidala ngoku, uHofstadter wabhala ukuba abanye abantu bane Uhlobo lweparanoid ngendlela abalijonga ngayo ihlabathi. Wahlula le ndlela, ebonwa kubantu abaqhelekileyo, kwabo banikwe uxilongo lwengqondo lwe-paranoia, nangona bobabini betyekele ekubeni "ngabashushu ngokugqithisileyo, abarhanelayo, abagabadeleyo, abagabadeleyo, nabaxakekileyo."

Umntu okhuselekileyo eklinikhi, nangona kunjalo, uyalibona ilizwe "elinobutshaba kunye nelokuceba iyelenqe" ngokuchasene naye ngokukodwa, Ngelixa abo banesimbo sokuzibona bayibona ijolise kwindlela yobomi okanye kwisizwe siphela. Abo banesimbo sokuphanga banokuqokelela ubungqina, kodwa kwiindawo ezithile "ezibaluleke kakhulu", benza "umtsi wokufuna ukwazi," okt, "... ukusuka kokungenakuphikwa ukuya kokungakholelekiyo" (Hofstadter, 1965). Ngaphaya koko, abo bakholelwa kwithiyori yelensi bayakwazi ukukholelwa kwezinye, nkqu nezo zingadibaniyo (van Prooijen kunye noVan Vugt, 2018).

Zakuba zithathile iingcinga zelenqe, "zinzima ngokungaqhelekanga ukujongela phantsi" kwaye zinomgangatho "wokuzitywina": Eyona nto iphambili kuyo kukuba "banqabile kakhulu kulungiso" (ISunstein neVermeule, 2009). "Indoda enesiqinisekiso yindoda ekunzima ukuyitshintsha. Mxelele ukuba awuvumelani naye ajike ... Yenza isibheno kwiingcinga kwaye akasiboni isizathu sakho," kubhala iingcali kwezentlalo uStanley Schachter noLeon Festinger kwisifundo sabo esinomdla esasibandakanya Ukungena ngaphakathi kwiqela elineenkokheli, ezilumkiswe ngemiyalezo ethunyelwe "zizidalwa eziphakamileyo" ezivela kwenye iplanethi, zaprofeta imeko yokuphela-kwehlabathi. Xa bejamelene "nobungqina obungenakuphikiswa obungenakuphikiswa," abo bakwiqela ababenenkxaso yezentlalo yabanye banciphisa ukungonwabi kwabo kunye nokungonwabi ngokulinganisa ukuba kutheni uqikelelo lwabo lungakhange lwenzeke kwaye eneneni "bakwenza nzulu ukuzithemba kwabo," kubandakanya nokuzimisela ngenkuthalo ukuguqula abatsha ( UFestinger et al., Xa ukuprofeta kusilele , 1956).

Kutheni le nto iingcinga zelenqe zichasene nobuxoki? Singo abagwenxa bokuqonda: Uninzi lwethu ludla ngokuphendula ngokucinga ngaphandle kwe ibonisa kwaye uphephe ukucinga ngokuhlalutya kuba kunzima ukwenza njalo (uPennycook kunye neRandi, Ijenali yoBuntu , 2020). Sidla ngokujonga iinkcazo ezibangela ukuba sifumane intsingiselo kunye neepateni kwiziganeko ezingahleliwe njengendlela yokuziva sikhuselekile kwimeko-bume yethu (UDouglas et al., Imikhombandlela yangoku kwiNzululwazi yezeengqondo , 2017). Ngapha koko, sicinga ukuba siyaliqonda ihlabathi "ngeenkcukacha ezibanzi, ezinamatheleneyo, ezinzulu" -kubizwa ngokuba yi- inkohliso yobunzulu benkcazo— kunokuba sisenza (iRozenblit kunye neKeil, 2002).

Okukwintsusa: Ithiyori zobuqhetseba bezikho kuyo yonke imbali kwaye zikuyo yonke indawo. Abo bakholelwa ukuba ayisiyongqondo okanye iphazamisekile ngokwasemphefumlweni, kodwa ukukholwa kuzo kungakhokelela kubundlobongela, ukwenza izinto ngokugqibeleleyo, kunye nengqondo "yethu-ngokuchasene nabo". Kutshanje, bathathe intsingiselo yokujongela phantsi. Isidingo sethu somntu sokubona iipateni kwiziganeko ezingahleliwe kunye nokubakho apho kungekho khona kusenza ukuba sengozini kwimpembelelo yabo.

Ukukholelwa kwiithiyori zelenqe kukuqina kwaye ngakumbi kukhuselekile kulungiso. I-intanethi ivelisa igumbi lengxolo apho ukuphinda-phinda kudala inkohliso yenyaniso. Kule meko, nakuphi na ukuthandabuza kunokwenzeka ukuba kuguquke kube kukugwetywa.

Umbulelo okhethekileyo kuGqirha David B. Allison, uMlawuli weSikolo seMpilo kaRhulumente, iYunivesithi yaseIndiana, eBloomington, ngokutsalela ingqalelo kwisicatshulwa sikaPoincaré.