Ngaba iinguqulelo kokusiNgqongileyo zichaza ukunyuka kwe-Autism Diagnoses?

Ukunyuka kokuchongwa kwe-autism kuhleli kuzinzile kwaye kuyamangalisa. Ngama-1960, phantse umntu omnye kwabali-10 000 kwafunyaniswa ukuba une-autism. Namhlanje, umntwana omnye kwabangama-54 unale meko, ngokweZiko loLawulo lweZifo noThintelo. Kwaye ukunyuka kwe-US kubonisiwe kumazwe kwihlabathi liphela.

Yintoni uxanduva kolu hlaselo? Izazinzulu ziye zaxoxa ngamandla ngendima yemfuza, okusingqongileyo kunye notshintsho kwindlela esifunyaniswa ngayo esi sifo. Kumzamo wamva nje wokuphazamisa le misonto, abaphandi bagqibe kwelokuba uzinzo lwempembelelo yemfuza kunye nokusingqongileyo kubeka utshintsho kwiindlela zokuqonda isifo kunye nokwandisa ulwazi njengezinto ezinokuthi zitshintshe.

"Inani le-autism elinemfuza kunye nokusingqongileyo liyahambelana ngokuhamba kwexesha," utshilo uMark Taylor, umphengululi omkhulu kwiKarolinska Institutet eSweden kunye nombhali ophambili kolu phando. "Nangona ukwanda kwe-autism kuye kwanda kakhulu, olu phononongo aluniki bungqina bokuba kungenxa yotshintsho kwindalo esingqongileyo."

UTaylor kunye noogxa bakhe bahlalutya iiseti ezimbini zedatha kumawele: iSweden Twin Registry, eyayilandela ukuxilonga isifo se-autism ukusuka ngo-1982 ukuya ku-2008, kunye ne-Child and Adolescent Twin Study eSweden, eyayilinganisa ukulinganiswa kwabazali kweempawu ze-autistic ukusuka ngo-1992 ukuya ku-2008. Ngokudibeneyo idatha yayijikeleza phantse amawele angamawele angama-38,000.

Abaphandi bavavanya umahluko phakathi kwamawele afanayo (abelana ngeepesenti ezili-100 ze-DNA) kunye namawele omzalwana (abelana ngeepesenti ezingama-50 ze-DNA) ukuqonda ukuba kwaye zingakanani iingcambu zemfuza nezokusingqongileyo ze-autism ezitshintshileyo ekuhambeni kwexesha. Kwaye i-genetics idlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu kwi-autism- olunye uqikelelo lubeka ubungqangi kwiipesenti ezingama-80.

Njengoko oososayensi baxele kwijenali IJAMA yoNyango, Igalelo lemfuzo kunye nokusingqongileyo alitshintshanga ngokuhamba kwexesha. Abaphandi bayaqhubeka nokuphanda imeko yendalo enokuthi ichaphazeleke kwi-autism, enjengosulelo koomama ngexesha lokukhulelwa, isifo seswekile, kunye noxinzelelo lwegazi. Isifundo esikhoyo asiboneleli ngezinto ezithile ezingavumelekanga kodwa endaweni yoko sibonisa ukuba abanalo uxanduva lokufumana isifo.

Iziphumo ziyavumelana nezifundo zangaphambili ezifike kwisiphelo esifanayo ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Isifundo esinye sango-2011, umzekelo, kuvavanywa abantu abadala abaneemvavanyo ezisemgangathweni kwaye bafumanisa ukuba akukho mahluko ubonakalayo kubukho be-autism phakathi kwabantwana nabantu abadala.

Ubudala bukatata buhlala buxoxwa njengomngcipheko we-autism. Ubudala bukayise bonyusa amathuba okuvela okuzenzekelayo okuguqukayo, okubizwa ngokuba yi-de novo okanye i-germline mutations, enokuthi ibe negalelo kwi-autism. Kwaye ubudala bokuba amadoda abe ngootata bonyukile ngokuhamba kwexesha: e-US, umzekelo, i-avareji yobudala bukatata inyuke ukusuka kwi-27.4 ukuya kwi-30.9 phakathi kwe-1972 kunye ne-2015. UJohn Constantino, unjingalwazi wezifo zengqondo kunye noogqirha babantwana kunye nomlawuli ngokudibeneyo weZiko loPhando lweeNkcukacha eziKhubazekileyo kunye noPhuhliso kwiSikolo seYunivesithi saseWashington University of Medicine eSaint Louis.

“Sichonga i-autism ngaphezulu kwamaxesha angama-10 ukuya kwangama-50 ngaphezulu ngoku kunakwiminyaka engama-25 eyadlulayo. Inkqubela phambili yobudala bukatata inoxanduva kuphela malunga neepesenti enye yoko, ”utshilo uConstantino. Impembelelo yobudala bomzali kukhubazeko lokukhula kufuneka ithathwe ngokungathí sina, ngenxa yokuba utshintsho oluncinci lusenentsingiselo kwimeko yabemi behlabathi, utshilo. Ayizukuphendulela imeko ngokubanzi.

Ukuba izinto zemfuza nezokusingqongileyo zihlala zizinzile ngokuhamba kwexesha, inkcubeko kunye noxilongo kufuneka lunoxanduva lokuxhaphaka, utshilo uTaylor. Zombini iintsapho kunye neeklinikhi namhlanje kunokwenzeka ukuba ziyazi ngakumbi i-autism kunye neempawu zayo kunakwiminyaka engamashumi edlulileyo, nto leyo eyenza ukuba ukuxilongwa kube lula.

Utshintsho kwiikhrayitheriya zokuchonga isifo likwadlala indima. Iiklinikhi zichonga iimeko zempilo yengqondo ngokusekwe kwiikhrayitheriya ezichaziweyo kwiNgcaciso kunye neNcwadi yeNkcazo yeNgxaki yokuPhazamiseka kwengqondo (DSM). Inguqulelo yangaphambi kowama-2013, iDSM-IV, yayineendidi ezintathu: isifo se-autistic, isifo sika-Asperger, kunye nokuphazamiseka okuthe gabalala kuphuhliso olungachazwanga ngenye indlela. I-iteration yangoku, i-DSM-5, ithathela indawo ezo ndidi ngoxilongo olunye: isifo se-autism esibonakalayo.

Ukwenza ilebhile yokubandakanya iimeko ebezikade zikho ngaphambili kufuna ulwimi olwandisiweyo, ucacisa uLaurent Mottron, unjingalwazi wezifundo zengqondo kwiYunivesithi yaseMontreal. Olo tshintsho kwiikhrayitheriya lunokubangela abantu abongezelelekileyo ukuba bafumane isifo.

Olu tshintsho lubeka i-autism kufutshane nendlela inzululwazi kunye namayeza abona ngayo ezinye iimeko, utshilo uConstantino. UConstantino uthi: "Ukuba uhlolisisa bonke abantu kwiimpawu ze-autism, bawela kwi-curve curve, njengobude okanye ubunzima okanye uxinzelelo lwegazi." Inkcazo yangoku ye-autism ayisabekelwa ezona meko zigqithisileyo; yamkela ezinobuqili ngokunjalo.