Ngaba umona ukhokelela kwiindlela zokuziphatha ezingalunganga?

Ngelixa umona kusithiwa "sisigebenga esinamehlo aluhlaza," umona uhlala ubonwa njengomlingisi wawo, umlingane omsulwa ngakumbi. Ke ngoko, kuye kwakho uphando oluncinci malunga neziphumo zomona. Izifundo ezikhoyo zibonisa ukuba umona unxulunyaniswa nentlalo-ntle yomntu, nangona kunjalo, uphando oluncinci luye lwaphanda iziphumo zomona (Behler, Wall, Bos, & Green, 2020). UBehler et al. (2020) yiyo loo nto iqhube iseti yovavanyo lokuqonda ukuba umona ungakhokelela kwingozi ebantwini. Ukongeza kufundo lweziphumo zomona, abaphandi bajonga umbulelo, onokuthi uthathwe njengowokuchasana nomona xa umntu onombulelo ekuxabisa oko sele benako, kanti umntu onomona ufuna oko abanye banako.

Isifundo 1

Kwisifundo sokuqala, abaphandi bafumana isampulu eyahlukileyo yabantu abali-143 kwidyunivesithi yase-East Coast yase-US Kwilabhoratri, abathathi-nxaxheba bathatha inxaxheba ekubhaleni eyilelwe ukukhuthaza umona, umbulelo, okanye imeko yokungathathi cala. Kwimeko yomona, abathathi-nxaxheba baxelelwa ukuba: "Umona luvo olubi okanye imeko yeemvakalelo ebangelwa ngumnqweno wokuba nezinto zakho, impumelelo, okanye iimpawu zomnye umntu" (iphe. 3). Emva koko, bayalelwa ukuba bachithe imizuzu eli-10 bebhala ngemeko apho baziva benomona. Kwimeko yombulelo, abathathi-nxaxheba baxelelwa ukuba: "Umbulelo yimvakalelo elungileyo okanye imeko yeemvakalelo ebangelwa kukwazisa imithombo yokulunga kwabanye kunye nezibonelelo ozifumene kwabanye" (iphe. 3). Ngokufanayo kwimeko yomona, abathathi-nxaxheba emva koko babhala malunga nomzekelo apho baziva benombulelo. Okokugqibela, kwimeko yokungathathi cala, abathathi-nxaxheba babonakalise "unxibelelwano oluqhelekileyo" kunye nomthengisi emva koko babhala malunga neemvakalelo zabo ngeli xesha lonxibelelwano.

Emva komsebenzi wokubhala, abathathi-nxaxheba babhangqiwe kunye neqabane elihambelana nesini ababekholelwa ukuba baya kuwugqiba omnye umsebenzi. Umlingane wesini esifanayo ukhethwe njengabantu kunokwenzeka ukuba bazithelekise nabo bafana nabo. Eli qabane lalingumlingane oqeqeshiweyo owathi “ngempazamo” wawisa ikomityi yeepensile ezingama-30 xa umvavanyi wayephumile egumbini. Umdibaniselwano emva koko ngokuthe ngcembe wathatha iipensile kwaye warekhoda ukuba zingaphi iipensile abathathi-nxaxheba abazincedileyo ukuzithatha.

Abaphandi bafumanise ukuba abo benziwe ukuba bazive benomona bathathe iipensile ezimbalwa (10.36 ngokomndilili) xa kuthelekiswa nezo zikumbulelo (iipensile ezingama-13.50 ngokomndilili) okanye ukungathathi hlangothi (iipensile ezili-13.48 ngokomndilili) iimeko. Ngeli xesha, abo babenombulelo kwaye bengathathi cala babengafani kwinani leepensile abazicholileyo.

Isifundo 2

Kwisifundo 2, abaphandi bajolise ekuqondeni ukuba umona unokubangela ingozi kunokuba ungafuni ukunceda. Isampulu eyahlukileyo ngokobuhlanga yabafundi abali-127 abavela kwiyunivesithi enye nanjengoko kufundwa 1 beza elebhu kwaye babelwa kwenye yeemeko ezintathu: umona, umbulelo, okanye ukungathathi cala. Ukwenza iimvakalelo, abaphandi basebenzise imisebenzi yokubhala efanayo nakwisifundo 1 ngaphandle kwento enye. Ngenxa yenkxalabo yokuba umsebenzi othengisayo unokubangela iimvakalelo ezintle, abafundi abakwimeko yokungathathi cala endaweni yoko bacelwe ukuba baqwalasele iinkcukacha zegumbi ababekulo kwaye babhale ngezi nkcukacha.

Emva koko, abathathi-nxaxheba bagqibe ingxelo eguqulweyo yeTangram yoNcedo loKwenzakala koMsebenzi (Saleem et al., 2015), umdlalo wephazili apho abathathi-nxaxheba banokunceda okanye benzakalise amaqabane abo. Kule meko, abathathi-nxaxheba baxelelwa ukuba bona kunye neqabane labo baya kukhetha iiphazili, ezahluka kubunzima, omnye komnye. Baye baxelelwa ukuba ukuba bobabini bazigqibile zonke iiphazili kwimizuzu eli-10, baya kufumana elongezelelweyo amanqaku angama-25. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba basilele ukugqibezela iiphazili kwimizuzu eli-10, inye kuphela kubo, ekhawulezayo, eya kufumana ikhredithi yekhosi eyongezelelweyo. Lo mntu uya kufumana amanqaku ama-5 ongezelelweyo kwekhosi.

Iziphumo zibonise ukuba abathathi-nxaxheba abanyanzelwe ukuba bazive benomona kunokwenzeka ngakumbi kunaleyo ikwimeko yokungathathi hlangothi okanye yombulelo ukunika iipuzzle ezinzima kumaqabane abo. Abo bakwimeko yomona bachaze nomnqweno omkhulu wokonzakalisa iqabane (okt, injongo yokwenza ukuba kube nzima kubo ukufumana iikhredithi) xa kuthelekiswa nabo bakwimeko yokungathathi cala. Ngokuchasene noko bekulindelwe, kwakungekho yantlukwano kumnqweno wokwenzakalisa abo bakumona ngokuchasene neemeko zombulelo. Kuyamangalisa ukuba kwakungekho mahluko phakathi kwala maqela mathathu kumnqweno wokunceda iqabane okanye ukwabiwa kweepuzzle ezilula kwiqabane. Abaphandi bacebisa ukuba oku kunqongophala kweendlela zokuziphatha kunokubangelwa kukukhuphisana kwimeko.

Iziphumo

Ithathiwe kunye, ezi zinto zifunyanisiweyo zibonisa ukuba umona unokubangela abantu banganeli nje ukuyeka ukunceda abanye kodwa babonzakalise nabanye. Ngokubalulekileyo, iimpembelelo eziyingozi zokunxibelelana zinwenwela kwabo bangezizo iithagethi zokuqala zomona. Kolu phando, abathathi-nxaxheba benzakalisile (okanye abancedi) umntu ongamaziyo ngokupheleleyo ngenxa yeemvakalelo zabo zomona.

Uphononongo lufumanise ngokungalindelekanga ukuba ukuphembelela umbulelo akuzange kunyuse isimilo sokuziphatha okanye kunciphise isimilo sokuziphatha ngokuchaseneyo nemeko yokungathathi cala. Abaphandi bachaza ukuba uhlalutyo lweemeta lwakutsha nje (umz., UDickens, 2017) bakwacebisile ukuba ngelixa ungenelelo lombulelo lunokunyusa ifuthe lomntu, kodwa ayisebenzi ekuphuculeni ubudlelwane phakathi kwabantu. Abaphandi bacebisa ukuba endaweni yoko, imisebenzi yokuziqinisekisa, apho umntu abonakalisa khona amaxabiso abaluleke kakhulu kubo, inokusetyenziselwa ukugcina abantu baziva iimvakalelo eziyingozi zomona.