Ngaba kuyayenza nayiphi na ingqondo ukufaka i-Quantum Mechanics kwindlela abantu abacinga ngayo?

Ngena nakweyiphi na ivenkile yeencwadi kwaye ungafumana iincwadi 'zekhompiyutha yokubala', 'ukuphiliswa kwequantum', kunye 'negalufa yequantum'. Kodwa ubuchwephesha be-quantum buchaza izinto kwi-microworld yamasuntswana e-subatomic, akunjalo? Kukulungele ntoni ukuyisebenzisa kwizinto ezinje ngeekhompyuter kunye negalufa, kungasathethwa ke ngezinto zengqondo ezinje ngeengcinga, iimvakalelo kunye nemibono?

Mhlawumbi isetyenziswa njengesifaniso, ukunceda ukwenza into enzima kube lula ukuyiqonda. Kodwa ubuchwephesha bequantum uqobo buyinkimbinkimbi; yenye yeengcamango ezintsonkothileyo ezintsonkothileyo abantu abakhe beza nazo. Ke sinokuyiqonda njani bhetele into ngokuzoba umzekeliso kumatshini wobungakanani?

Iziphumo zokuBukela kwiFizikiki

Andazi malunga 'nokuphilisa i-quantum' okanye 'igalufa ye-quantum', kodwa ndiye ndaqala ukucinga ngonxibelelwano olunokwenzeka phakathi kwethiyori ye-quantum kunye nendlela abantu abazisebenzisa ngayo iikhonsepthi ngo-1998 xa bendithetha nomfundi ophumelele ifiziksi kwiziko lophando eBelgium. Umfundi, uFranky, ebendixelela ngezinye zeeparadoxes ezikhuthaze ubuchwephesha bequantum. Enye into exakayo yile Isiphumo sombukeli: asinokwazi kwanto malunga ne-quantum particle ngaphandle kokwenza umlinganiso wayo, kodwa amasuntswana e-quantum anovakalelo kangangokuba nawuphi na umlinganiso esinokuwenza ngokungenakuphepheka utshintshe imeko yamasuntswana, ngokwenene awutshabalalise ngokupheleleyo!

Iziphumo zokungenelela kwiFizikiki

Enye into exakayo kukuba amasuntswana e-quantum anokusebenzisana ngendlela enzulu kangangokuba baphulukane nobuntu babo kwaye baziphathe njengabanye. Ngaphaya koko, unxibelelwano lubangela into entsha eneepropathi ezahlukileyo kwezinye zeendawo zayo. Xa oku kusenzeka akunakwenzeka ukwenza umlinganiso wenye ngaphandle kokuchaphazela enye, kwaye ngokuchaseneyo. Uhlobo olutsha ngokupheleleyo lwemathematika kuye kwafuneka ukuba luphuhliswe ukuze lujongane nolu hlobo lokudityaniswa kunye okanye ukubanjwa, njengoko ibizwa njalo. Le paradox yesibini-ukubambeka- inokuba inxulumene ngokunzulu nommangaliso wokuqala-umphumo womkhangeli-ngengqondo yokuba xa umbonisi esenza umlinganiso, umbonisi kunye nomjongi angaba yinkqubo ebambekayo.

Iingcamango

Ndiqaphele uFranky ukuba izinto ezifanayo ziyavela ngokubhekisele kwinkcazo yamagama. Iingcinga ngokubanzi kucingelwa ukuba zezona zisenza ukuba sikwazi ukutolika iimeko ngokweemeko zangaphambili esigweba ngokufana nezangoku. Zingabinekhonkrithi, njengesihlalo, okanye ezingabonakaliyo, njenge-BEAUTY. Ngokwesiko ziye zajongwa njengezinto zangaphakathi ezimele udidi lwezinto ezisehlabathini. Nangona kunjalo, ngokungaphaya bacingelwa ukuba abanasakhiwo simeleyo, ulwakhiwo lwabo luchukunyiswa ngamandla yimeko abavela kuyo.

Umzekelo, ingcamango YOMNTWANA inokusetyenziswa kusana lomntu lokwenene, unodoli owenziwe ngeplastiki, okanye intonga encinci epeyintwe ngomkhenkce kwikhekhe. Umbhali unokucinga NGOMNTWANA kwimeko yokufuna igama elinemvano-siphelo mhlawumbi. Kwaye nakanjalo. Ngelixa kwixa elidlulileyo umsebenzi ophambili weekhonsepthi bekucingelwa ukuba kukuchongwa kwezinto njengeziganeko zodidi oluthile, ngokuya ngokungaphaya zibonwa kungekuphela nje ukuze zichonge kodwa zithathe inxaxheba ngokukuko ekuvelisweni kwentsingiselo. Umzekelo, ukuba umntu ubhekisa kwisikhonkwane esincinci njenge-BABY WRENCH, umntu akazami kuchonga utsalo njengomzekelo WOMNTWANA, okanye achonge usana njengomzekelo WRENCH. Yiyo loo nto iikhonsepthi zisenza into ecekeceke kwaye inzima kunokuba zimele ngaphakathi izinto kwilizwe langaphandle.

Yintoni le 'nto ingaphezulu' kwaye isebenza njani inokuba yeyona nto ibaluleke kakhulu ejongene nengqondo namhlanje; kubalulekile ukuqonda uhlengahlengiso kunye nokwakheka kwengcinga yomntu. Kubalulekile, umzekelo, ukuqonda indlela imizobo, okanye iimovie, okanye iivesi zombhalo, ezidibana ukuze zibe nentsingiselo kuthi engeyiyo nje ingqokelela yamagama abo okanye ezinye izinto ezenziwayo.

Ukufumana isiphatho kule 'nto ingaphezulu' kufuna ithiyori yezibalo. Iingcali zengqondo zizamile ukuphuhlisa ithiyori yezibalo yamashumi eminyaka. Nangona benze kakuhle ekuzeni neengcinga ezinokuthi zichaze kwaye ziqikelele indlela abantu abajongana ngayo neengcinga ezizodwa, ezizodwa, khange bakwazi ukuza nethiyori enokuthi ichaze kwaye iqikelele indlela abantu abajongana ngayo nokudibana okanye unxibelelwano phakathi kweekhonsepthi, okanye Nditsho nembono enokuchaza ukuba intsingiselo yazo iguquka njani xa ivela kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo. Kwaye izinto ezenza ukuba kube nzima ukuza nemfundiso yemathematika yeengcamango zikhumbuza kakhulu iziganeko ezenza kube nzima ukuza neengcamango ezinokuchaza ukuziphatha kweengqungquthela ze-quantum!

Iziphumo zokuBonwa kweeNgcali

Kwintliziyo yokuphazamiseka kokubini bobuchwephesha bobungakanani kunye neengcinga sisiphumo se umxholo . Kwimicrosoft mechanics kukho umbono ka imeko yomhlaba, urhulumente isuntswana likuyo xa ingadibaniyo nalo naliphi na elinye isuntswana, okt, xa lingachaphazelekanga nangowuphi na umxholo. Le yimeko ephezulu ubuchule kuba inethuba lokubonisa ubuninzi beendlela ezahlukeneyo zinikezwe iimeko ezahlukeneyo ezinokuthi zisebenzisane nazo. Ngokukhawuleza i-particle iqala ukushiya umhlaba womhlaba kwaye iwele phantsi kwefuthe lomlinganiselo, ithengisa kwezinye zezinto ezikhoyo; umlinganiso wayo wenziwe kwaye umba othile wawo uqondwa ngcono. Kwangokunjalo, xa ungacingi ngomqondo othile, onje ngengqondo ISICWANGCISO somzuzu odlulileyo, inokuba ibikhona engqondweni yakho ikwimo yokubanakho ngokupheleleyo. Okwalo mzuzu, umxholo othi ISICWANGCISO unokusebenza kwi-KITHCEN TABLE, okanye kwi-TOOL TABLE, okanye nakwi-TULLE. Kodwa kwimizuzwana embalwa edlulileyo kwangoko ufunda igama ISICWANGCISO, langena phantsi kwefuthe lomxholo wokufunda eli nqaku. Xa ufunda indibaniselwano yomxholo IPHEPHA LESICWANGCISO, ezinye izinto ezinokubakho zeTafile ziye zaba kude kakhulu (ezinje ngokubamba ukutya), ngelixa ezinye ziye zakhonkrithi ngakumbi (njengokukwazi ukubamba iibhola ezijikelezayo). Nawuphi na umxholo othile uzisa ebomini ezinye zezinto ezinokubakho, ngelixa ungcwaba ezinye izinto.

Ke ngoko, ubuninzi beepropathi zezinto ezinobungakanani bezinto azinamaxabiso aqinisekileyo ngaphandle komxholo womlinganiso, amanqaku okanye iipropathi zoluvo azinako ukusetyenziswa okuthe ngqo ngaphandle kwemeko ethile. Kubuchwephesha be-quantum, iimeko kunye neepropathi zeziko le-quantum zichaphazekile ngendlela emiselweyo kunye neemathematika ezimiselweyo ngokomlinganiso. Kwangokunjalo, imeko apho umxholo unamava ngokungathandabuzekiyo imibala yendlela umntu afumana ngayo loo mbono. Umntu unokubhekisa koku njengempembelelo yokujonga iikhonsepthi.

Ukungenelela kweekhonsepthi

Ayisiyiyo kuphela 'into yokujonga' iikhonsepthi, kukwakho 'nefuthe lokungenelela'. Ukucacisa oku, qwalasela umxholo ISLAND. Ukuba khe kwakho into echongiweyo okanye echazayo yomxholo iya kuba yinto ethi 'ejikelezwe ngamanzi' kwingcinga ISLAND. Ngokuqinisekileyo 'ingqongwe ngamanzi' isembindini wento ekuthethwa ngayo ukuba sisiqithi, akunjalo? Kodwa ngenye imini ndaye ndabona ukuba sithi 'ikhitshi lesiqithi' ngalo lonke ixesha ngaphandle kokulindela ukuba le nto sithetha ngayo ijikelezwe ngamanzi (inokuba iyaphazamisa ukuba babenjalo ingqongwe ngamanzi!) Xa i-KITHCEN kunye ne-ISLAND zidibene ndawonye zibonisa iipropathi ezingenakuqikelelwa ngokusekwe kwiipropathi zekhitshi okanye iipropathi zeziqithi. Zidibanisa ukuba yiyunithi enye yentsingiselo enkulu kunaleyo yeekhonsepthi ezifanelekileyo. Ukudityaniswa kweekhonsepthi ngeendlela ezintsha nezingalindelekanga kuphakathi kubukrelekrele bomntu kwaye kuyintliziyo yenkqubo yokuyila, kwaye kunokuthathwa njengengxaki yokungenelela kwiingcinga.

Kungabonakala ngathi kukukooky ukusebenzisa ubuchwephesha bobungakanani kwinto efana neekhonsepthi, kubonwe kwimeko yezembali ayisiyiyo intshukumo engaqhelekanga enjalo. Iithiyori ezininzi ezazikade ziyinxalenye yefiziksi ngoku zihlelwe njengenxalenye yemathematics, enje ngejometri, ithiyori yokuba kunokwenzeka, kunye nezibalo. Ngamaxesha apho babeqwalaselwa njengefiziksi bajolise ekubonakaliseni iinxalenye zehlabathi ngokubhekisele kwi-physics. Kwimeko yejiyometri le yayiyimilo emajukujukwini, kwaye kwimeko yethiyori enokwenzeka kunye neenkcukacha manani olu yayiliqikelelo olucwangcisiweyo lweziganeko ezingaqinisekanga kwinyani ebonakalayo. Ezi nkcazo-mfundiso zokuqala zithathile ezona ndlela zingacacanga kwaye zisetyenziswa ngokulula kweminye imimandla yesayensi, kubandakanya nesayensi yoluntu, kuba zithathwa njengezibalo, hayi ifiziksi. (Owona mzekelo ulula wendlela ithiyori yezibalo esebenza ngayo kuyo yonke imimandla yolwazi yithiyori yenani. Sonke siyavuma ukuba ukubala, kunye nokudibanisa, ukuthabatha, njalo njalo, kungenziwa ngaphandle kohlobo lwento ebaliweyo .)

Kukule ngqondo ke ukuba ndiye ndaqala ukucinga ndisebenzisa ulwakhiwo lwemathematika oluvela kumatshini we-quantum ukwakha umxholo weengcamango, ngaphandle kokufaka intsingiselo ebonakalayo kubo xa isetyenziswa kwi-microworld. Ndixelele ngovuyo umcebisi wam wobugqirha, uDiederik Aerts, malunga nale mbono. Wayesele esebenzise ngokubanzi ubuchwephesha be-quantum ukuchaza ukuxoka kwexoki (umzekelo, njani xa ufunda isivakalisi esinjengokuthi 'Esi sigwebo sibuxoki', ingqondo yakho itshintshela ngapha nangapha phakathi 'kwenyani' kwaye 'ayinyani'). Ukuba bekukho umntu onokuluxabisa uluvo lokusebenzisa ubungakanani bobungakanani kwiikhonsepthi, ngokuqinisekileyo ibinguye. Xa ndimxelela, nangona kunjalo, wathi ngenxa yezizathu zobuchwephesha into endizama ukuyenza ayizukusebenza.

Andikwazi ukunikela ngombono, nangona kunjalo. Intuitively yaziva ilungile. Kwaye kwavela, kwaye nomcebisi wam akakwazanga. Siye sahlala sobabini sicinga ngayo. Kwaye kwiinyanga ezilandelayo kwaqala ukubonakala ngathi besilungile sobabini. Oko kukuthi, indlela yemathematics endicebise ukuba ayilunganga, kodwa umbono ophantsi wawulungile, okanye ubuncinci, yayikhona indlela yokwenza oko.

Ngoku, ngaphezulu kweshumi leminyaka kamva, kukho uluntu lwabantu olusebenza kule nto kunye nezinye izicelo ezinxulumene noko ze-quantum mechanics kwindlela ingqondo elawula ngayo amagama, iikhonsepthi, kunye nokwenza izigqibo, umba okhethekileyo 'weJenali yeMathematics Psychology' enikezelwe isihloko, kunye nengqungquthela yonyaka 'yeNtsebenzo yokuNxibelelana' ebibanjelwe kwiindawo ezinjengeOxford neStanford. Kwakukho nesimpoziyam kuyo kwiNtlanganiso yoNyaka ka-2011 yoMbutho weSayensi yezeNzululwazi. Ayilosebe eliqhelekileyo lesayikholoji, kodwa alifani 'nomphetho' njengokuba lalinjalo ngaphambili.

Kwesinye isithuba ndiza kuxoxa ngemathematika entsha 'engaqhelekanga' eye yaphuhliswa ukuchaza indlela yokuziphatha kwamasuntswana e-quantum, kunye nendlela esetyenziswe ngayo kwinkcazo yeekhonsepthi kunye nendlela ezinxibelelana ngayo ezingqondweni zethu. Iza kuqhubeka.....