Imipu kunye nomngcipheko wokuzibulala: Incoko elayishiwe

Abaphandi abaliqela kunye neeklinikhi bavakalise inkxalabo engxamisekileyo neqondakalayo malunga nonxibelelwano phakathi kwemipu kunye nokuzibulala komkhosi. Imipu yeyona ndlela iphambili yokuzibulala phakathi kwamalungu omkhosi waseMelika. [I] Ziyabulala kakhulu: Iipesenti ezingama-85 zamalinge ngemipu zikhokelela ekuzibulaleni okugqityiweyo, ngelixa iipesenti ezi-2 zetyhefu okanye ilinge lokugqithisa likhokelela kwinto enye [ii] Kwaye nemipu iyingozi kakhulu xa idibene nokuqala ngokukhawuleza kokuzibhubhisa. [iii]

Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, uninzi lwezifundo zophando lubonisa ukuba amaxesha okuzibulala abukhali kunokuba mfutshane ngexesha. Umzekelo, uphononongo olungaphaya kwamashumi amabini anesithandathu amawaka abafundi beekholeji kunye nabaphumeleleyo kwizikolo bacebise ukuba ixesha eliqhelekileyo lokucinga ngokuzibulala lalihlala ixesha elingaphantsi kosuku ngaphezulu kwesiqingatha sabo babezibulala nanini na. [Iv]

Olunye uphononongo lwezigulana ezingamashumi asibhozo anesibini kwisibhedlele saseyunivesithi sabagula ngengqondo lubonise ixesha elifutshane lokuzibulala; Ngaphantsi nje kwesiqingatha sabathathi-nxaxheba baxele isithuba semizuzu elishumi engaphantsi kwenkqubo yabo yokuzibulala.

Ngamaxesha anzima la, imipu ebijolise ekukhuseleni inokuthi ngesiquphe ibe zizixhobo zokuzitshabalalisa kwabo banazo. Uphando lubonisa ukuba iipesenti ezingama-90 zabo bafa ngokuzibulala ngemipu babengenazo iinzame zokuzibulala nangayiphi na indlela. [Vii]

Kukwakho nophando olunyanzelayo ukubonisa ukuba ukuthintelwa ukufikelela kwimipu kunokuba nempembelelo entle kwangoko kwizinga lokuzibulala. kumgaqo-nkqubo ofuna ukuba amajoni e-IDF azishiye izixhobo zawo ngeempela-veki kukhokelele kwipesenti ezingama-40 ukwehla kwenani lonyaka lokuzibulala. [ix]

Ngokusekwe kuphando olunje, oogqirha kunye nabaxhasi babalingane baceliwe ukuba ngesibindi kwaye rhoqo babuze imibuzo malunga nobunini bemipu kunye neendlela zokugcina ezinxulumene nemipu.

Ngelishwa, le ndlela inokubuyisa umva kakhulu. Kumagqala amaninzi, ukubuza imibuzo malunga nobunini bompu uziva ungoyena mntu uphambili kwaye ungabahloniphi ngokunzulu. Ukubuza umbuzo kunokubuphelisa kwangoko ubudlelwane bonyango kwaye kungakhokelela kumagqala amaninzi ukuba ayeke unyango ngokupheleleyo.

Ndazi njani? Kungenxa yokuba ndivakalise umdla wokufunda ukuba amagqala athini na malunga nesi sihloko, kwaye umntu endisebenza naye oligqala owayefuna ukundinceda ndifike enyanisweni wabuza iqela lamagqala asixhenxe.

UBrian Vargas, isidanga senqanaba lomsebenzi we-UC Berkeley kwezentlalo, obesele eyinkokheli kuluntu lwaseMantla e-California, wavotela iqela lamagqala angamashumi asixhenxe, ababhalise kwiikholeji ezintathu zalapha. Xa ubuzwa, "Ngaba kungenzeka ukuba uvule inyani malunga nokuba unemipu na xa ubuzwa ngumboneleli ongamazi kakuhle," ngaphezulu kwesiqingatha (iipesenti ezingama-53) bathi "mhlawumbi hayi" okanye "hayi." Nangona kunjalo, eyona nto ibaluleke kakhulu ekufumaneni le poll, kwaye eyona ibaluleke kakhulu, kukuba isiqingatha sabantu abadala bathi bazokuyeka unyango ukuba ugqirha abangamazi kakuhle ubabuza ukuba banompu na.

Indlela aphendule ngayo la magqala angamashumi asixhenxe kufuneka isinike ikhefu lokucingisisa. Ukuba ukuthembela yeyona mali inamandla esinokuyifumana, kufuneka sizibuze malunga neendleko zokuqhuba ubudlelwane bezonyango sibhekise kukunganyaniseki. Uluvo lokuba ugqirha angabinayo i-ajenda okanye amandla okususa umpu (nokuba le mbono ayichanekanga) [x] inokuba ngumqobo kwinkathalo.

Ukunyanzela oogqirha ngomgaqo-nkqubo oqhelekileyo kunye nokuziqhelanisa nokwenza le ngxoxo ngaphambili, ngaphambi kokuphuhlisa ukuthembana, yandisa umsantsa wokuthembela kanye ngexesha elifanelekileyo apho kufuneka sidibanise kwaye sakhe ukuthembela kwizigulana zethu. Ngapha koko, ukubuza imibuzo malunga nobunini bemipu kunokwandisa umngcipheko wokuzibulala ukuba oku kukhokelela kumagqala ukuba aphephe ukufuna ukhathalelo kwasekuqaleni. Imipu ibotshelelwe ngokusondeleyo kubuninzi babaphumi bomkhosi belizwe lethu. Ukususwa kompu kukuhamba kwamandla okwenziwa ngumntu onesikhundla esiphezulu kunelungu lenkonzo. Xa ilungu lenkonzo lisuswe umpu, bandixelela ukuba oku kuhlala kunxulunyaniswa neemvakalelo zentloni okanye zokuthotywa, kuba oku kuthetha ukuphulukana nomsebenzi ophambili kwindima yabo njengegorha. Xa amaxhwele enengxoxo ezinjalo malunga nemipu kwiindawo zeklinikhi apho amagqala afumana ukhathalelo emva kokukhululwa emkhosini, zonke iintsingiselo ezilayishwe ngokweemvakalelo ziyafudukela kwingxoxo.

M. Anestis, "Ixesha loTshintsho ngoku," Inkqubo yenkomfa ye-2018 American Association of Suicidology (AAS).

Isikolo saseHarvard seMpilo kaRhulumente, "UkuBulawa kweNdlela yokuZibulala: Amanani amaNqanaba okuFa ngeNdlela yokuzibulala, ama-8 aseMelika, 1989-1997," http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/means-matter/means-matter/case- ukusweleka /

UDrum, uC.

E. Deisenhammer, C. Ing, R. Strauss, G. Kemmler, H. Hinterhuber, noE. Weiss, "Ixesha leNkqubo yokuzibulala: Lingakanani ixesha elishiyekileyo lokungenelela phakathi kokuqwalaselwa kunye nokufezekiswa kweLinge lokuzibulala?" Ijenali yoNyango lweNyango yoNyango 70 (2008): 19-24.

V. Pearson, M. Phillips, F. He, kunye noHi. "Ukuzama Ukuzibulala Phakathi Kwabafazi Abaselula Basezilalini kwiRiphabhlikhi Yabantu base China: Amathuba Okuthintela," Ukuzibulala kunye neengozi zokuSongela uBomi 32 (2002): 359-369.

MD Anestis "Ngaphambili iinzame zokuzibulala azifane zixhaphake kwizigqibo zokuzibulala ezasweleka ngemipu ezinxulumene nalabo bafa ngezinye iindlela," Ijenali yokuphazamiseka okuchaphazelekayo 189 (2016): 106-109.

Isikolo saseHarvard seMpilo kaRhulumente, "indlela yokuziphatha yeendlela zokuzibulala," http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/means-matter/means-matter/case-fatality/

G. Lubin, N. Werbeloff, D. Halperin, M. Shmushkevitch, M. Weiser, noH. Knobler, "Nciphisa amaxabiso okuzibulala emva koTshintsho loMgaqo-nkqubo ekunciphiseni ukufikelela kwimipu kulutsha: isifundo sendalo se-Epidemiological," ukuzibulala kunye Ukuziphatha okuSongela uBomi 40 (2010): 421-424.