IiNeurons ezinkulu ezinxulumene nokuNazi ziyaFunyanwa

Umxholo

• Iiseli ezintathu zemithambo-luvo ezijikeleze ingqondo inokuba sisiseko sebhayiloji.
• Ii-neurons ezintathu ezinkulu
• Yintoni i-blister?
• Isindululo seqela likaKoch
• Indlela yophando
• Ukugxekwa kwale hypothesis

Iiseli ezintathu zemithambo-luvo ezijikeleze ingqondo inokuba sisiseko sebhayiloji.

Buyintoni ubume bengqondo? Le yenye yeemfihlakalo ezinkulu zengqondo, i-neuroscience kunye nefilosofi yengqondo, kwaye nangona inokubonakala inomdla, uphando ngezilwanyana, olunoluvo lokuqonda kufuneka lube yinto eyahlukileyo kweyethu, luye lwanceda ukucacisa.

Ngapha koko, kutshanje iqela labaphandi abavela kwiZiko lezeNzululwazi ngeAllen elikhokelwe nguChristof Koch likuvezile ukufunyanwa kwe iiseli zemithambo-luvo ezintathu ezidibanisa indawo enkulu yengqondo yeempuku; Ezi neurons zinokuba sisiseko somzimba sokwazi, kodwa ezinye iingcali ziyavuma.

Ii-neurons ezintathu ezinkulu

UChristof Koch kunye neqela lakhe benza intetho kumalungu oluntu lwenzululwazi apho babonisa indlela yokusebenza kunye neziphumo zophando lwabo kunxibelelwano lwe-neuronal kubuchwephesha bempuku.

Eyona nto ibalaseleyo kwintetho yakhe yayikukuchongwa kweeuron ezinkulu ezintathu ezivela kwisakhiwo sobuchopho esaziwa ngokuba yi "cloister" kwaye siyidibanise nenxalenye enkulu yengqondo. Eyona inkulu kwezi zintathu ifikelela macala onke ebuchotsheniNgelixa ezinye ezimbini zibandakanya icandelo elibalulekileyo leehemispheres.

Njengoko kutyhilwe yimifanekiso emi-ntathu efunyenwe kuphando, ezi seli zintathu zigcina unxibelelwano olomeleleyo lwe-synaptic kunye nee-neurons kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo yobuchopho. Oku kuphakamisa ukuba banokudlala indima efanelekileyo ekuququzeleleni iimpembelelo ze-electrochemical zenkqubo ye-nervous system.

Nangona kunjalo, ngalo mzuzu ubukho bezi neurons zintathu abuqinisekiswanga kwezinye isilwanyana iintlobo, kubandakanya abantu, isilumkiso esikhulu kufuneka senziwe xa uzama ukwenza amabango eqela likaKoch.

Yintoni i-blister?

I-cloister ngumaleko wee-neuron eziqhotyoshelwe kubuso obungezantsi be-cerebral neocortex, kufutshane kakhulu ne-insula kunye ne-basal ganglia; ngamanye amaxesha ithathwa njengenxalenye yolu lwakhiwo. Ukuphakama kwayo akuqhelekanga, kulinganisa iimilimitha ezininzi kwezinye iindawo kwaye kungaphantsi kwemilimitha enye kwezinye.

Lo mmandla wengqondo I-synapses enezinto ezininzi zecortical kunye ne-subcortical, kubandakanya i-hippocampus, ebaluleke kwimemori yexesha elide, kunye ne-amygdala, ebandakanyeka kufundo lweemvakalelo.

Ayisiyiyo kuphela ii-neurons ze-cloister ezigcina unxibelelwano olufanelekileyo kunye namanye amalungu engqondo, kodwa zikwanxibelelene ngokusondeleyo kakhulu komnye nomnye. Oku kunxulunyaniswe nokulungiswa okufanayo kokukhuthaza ukugqitha kwi-cloister.

Isindululo seqela likaKoch

Ngokusekwe kuphando lwakutsha nje kunye nakwezinye izinto awayefudula ebambisene nazo, uKoch uphikisa ukuba ukwazi ukubakho kwi-blister, Eyona nto yayiyeyona nto kugxilwe kuyo kwikhondo lomsebenzi wakhe wobungcali.

Ngokwesindululo seli qela, ii-neurons ezintathu ezinkulu ezizifumeneyo ziya kuvumela i- uququzelelo lweempembelelo ze-nerve kwi-cloister : Banxulumana nokwamkelwa kunye nokuthumela imiqondiso evela kolu lwakhiwo kunye nokubonakala kokuqonda, kuthathelwa ingqalelo ubukho bolu dluliso kunye nemisebenzi echazwe kwigumbi elingaphakathi.

Olunye uphando olufanelekileyo lwale hypothesis lwenziwa liqela likaMohamad Koubeissi (2014) kunye nomntu obhinqileyo ochaphazeleka sisifo sokuwa. Eli qela liyifumene loo nto ukuvuselela i-blister ngee-electrode "zingasebenzi" yomguli ukwaziNgelixa ukuphazamisa olu khuthazo kuye kwabangela ukuba abuye kwakhona.

Indlela yophando

Iqela lophando laseAllen Institute lenze ukuba kuveliswe iiproteni ezibengezelayo kwii-neurons ezizodwa ezivela kwigumbi leempuku ezahlukeneyo. Ukulungiselela le nto basebenzise into ethi, ukubakho kwinto ephilayo, ibangele ukwenziwa kwemfuza ethile.

Ngokusasaza ii-neurons ekujoliswe kuzo, ezi proteni zinika bonke ubude beeseli umbala owahlukileyo. Baye bathabatha imifanekiso engama-10,000 yamacandelo obuchopho kwaye basebenzise isoftware yekhompyuter ukuyila iimephu ezinemilinganiselo emithathu yeeuron ezisebenzayo.

Ukugxekwa kwale hypothesis

Iingcali ezahlukeneyo kwizifundo ze-neuroscience azivumelani nesindululo seqela likaKoch. Ngendlela ebanzi, ukugxothwa kweengcinga zakhe kuye kwagxekwa.

Ukufunda ubunyani bezi ndlela, Chau et al. (2015) uqhube isifundo namagqala emfazwe ali-171 awonzakeleyo entloko. Bayifumana loo nto Ukulimala kwi-cloister kwakuhambelana nokubuyiselwa kancinci kwengqondo emva komonakalo, kodwa hayi kwi-sequelae yexesha elide.

Okwangoku ubungqina obuxhasa i-hypothesis yokuba i-cloister yeyona nto ibalulekileyo kulwazi ayinakulinganiswa, ngakumbi xa isiza ebantwini. Nangona kunjalo, ubungqina buyacebisa oko obu bume bunokuba kufanelekile kulawulo lwengqwalaselo ngonxibelelwano lwemimandla eyahlukeneyo yomibini ihemispheres yobuchopho.