Ngaba i-Psychiatry yonakaliswe ngaphandle kokulungiswa?

Umxholo

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Siyazi ukuba ookopolotyeni banokubonisa izinto ezimbalwa zokufihla umonakalo owenziwe ziimveliso zabo. Abenzi becuba bafihla ikhonkco kumhlaza wemiphunga amashumi eminyaka. Iinkampani zamandla kunye nabadibaniselwano babo bezopolitiko bayalikhaba ikhonkco phakathi kokutsha kwezibaso kunye nokufudumala kwehlabathi. Kodwa akukho shishini liye lacwangciswa kwaye alaphumelela njengeenkampani zamachiza ekungeniseni isiseko solwazi ngokubhekisele kwiimveliso zabo. Iziphumo zibe yinzuzo ephezulu. Iinkampani ezilishumi eziphezulu zamayeza kwi-Fortune 500 zenza imali ngaphezulu kunezinye iinkampani ezingama-490 zidityanisiwe .

Khawufane ucinge ngoku: Ungathini ukuba yonke inzululwazi efunda ubushushu behlabathi ihlawulwe ngu-Exxon? INew York iya kuba phantsi kwamanzi ngaphambi kokuba nabani na azi ukuba ubushushu behlabathi bukhona. Nangona kunjalo, leyo yimeko yophando lwenzululwazi kwezonyango lwengqondo. Ngaphezulu kweepesenti ezingama-80 zophando lwezifundo zengqondo olwenziwe kumaziko onyango lwezifundo axhaswa ngemali lushishino lweziyobisi. Kwaye ziindaba ezimnandi ezo. Ngamaxesha okwanda, iBig Pharma ihlawula iinkampani zentengiso ngaphandle kwamakhonkco kwizifundo ukuze zenze izifundo ezibeka ezona mveliso zibalaseleyo; Baye ke bahlawule izifundiswa ukuze zibeke amagama abo kwiziphumo ezibangelwe njengababhali, nangona bengenathathi-nxaxheba kuphando. Ukujonga ukuba zeziphi iziphumo, thatha umzekelo weNeurontin.

Malunga neminyaka eli-12 eyadlulayo, ndaphawula ukuba uninzi lwezigulana ezinoluhlobo lwe-bipolar II zazibekwa kwichiza elitsha, iNeurontin. Akukho namnye kwizigulana zam owayebonakala ngathi ufumana isibonelelo esikhulu kuyo, kwaye uninzi lweziphumo ebezingalindelekanga. Ngoku, ndiyasiqonda isizathu.

Ngoku siyazi ngophando oluzimeleyo-uphando olungaxhaswa ngemali ziinkampani zamachiza- ukuba i-Neurontin ayivelisi sibonelelo kunyango lwe-bipolar. Akukho nanye. Kodwa emva koko, kwakutheni ukuze sikholelwe ukuba yenzeka? Ibali le-Neurontin ngumzekelo obalaseleyo wesayensi oqhuba i-amok, kodwa ingeyiyo i-atypical. Oogqirha bengqondo banyanzelwa ngobuxoki ukuba babhale iyeza elalingakhuselekanga kwaye lingasebenzi.

Isifundo esasiqhele ukwenziwa nguWarner Lambert Ngqina I-Neurontin yayisebenza kunyango lwe-bipolar disorder yayineempazamo kwaye yabizwa ngeziphumo ezilungileyo, ngokwenqaku lakutshanje elipapashwe kwi Oovimba abagcina amayeza angaphakathi . Okubi nangakumbi, ubungqina beziphumo ebezingalunganga kolu phando bucinezelwe: Izigulana ezingama-73 kolu vavanyo zazinezinto ezingalunganga, kwaye kwasweleka izigulana ezili-11.

Kwenzeka njani oku? Ngo-1993 uWarner Lambert wayenengxaki. I-Neurontin, ichiza labo elitsha lokulwa nokuxhuzula, banikwe kuphela umda wokuvunywa kwe-FDA ukuba usetyenziswe njengesiyobisi sesibini sokuxhuzula-inokusetyenziswa kuphela ukuba ezinye iziyobisi zokuxhuzula esele zikho kwimarike zisilele. "INeurontin yayiyiTurkey." Wabhala uDaniel Carlat kwi Unhinged . Kwenziwe ntoni?

Inkampani yaqesha iifemu zentengiso- hayi izazinzulu- ukuvelisa amanqaku enzululwazi abonisa izibonelelo zeNeurontin yesifo esiyi-bipolar, kwaye ihlawula oogqirha i $ 1,000 isiqwenga sokuvumela amagama abo ukuba adweliswe njengababhali bezifundo abangakhange bazenze okanye babhale (kwaye mhlawumbi ungaze ufunde).

Ngelixa i-FDA ifuna inqanaba eliphezulu lobungqina benzululwazi ukwamkela iyeza kunyango lwesimo esithile, nje ukuba iyeza livunyiwe, oogqirha bakhululekile ukumisela naliphi na ichiza kuyo nayiphi na imeko, ngaphandle kwelebula. Ukubakholisa ukuba benze oku, idatha ebuthathaka okanye e-massaged inokunxitywa ukungqina ukuba ichiza liyasebenza, kwaye akukho mfuneko yovavanyo lwe-FDA. Lulwaphulo-mthetho kwinkampani yeziyobisi ukuthengisa iziyobisi koogqirha ngeenjongo ezingekho mthethweni, kodwa yiloo nto kanye eyenzekileyo. UMarcia Angell, owayesakuba ngumhleli we Ijenali eNtsha yaseNgilani yoNyango , wabhala: "Inkampani yenze iskimu esikhulu esingekho mthethweni sokukhuthaza i-Neurontin ekusetyenzisweni kwelebheli-ikakhulu ngokuhlawula iingcali zemfundo ukubeka amagama abo kuphando olungenantsingiselo."

Iziyobisi ziye zehla ngokuziqhelanisa noogqirha bengqondo. Isigqeba esiphezulu se-Warner Lambert uJohn Ford ukhuthaze oonozakuzaku bakhe ukuba "babambe izandla zabo bahlebeze ezindlebeni zabo ... I-Neurontin yesifo esiyi-bipolar." Uye waqhubekeka, ebakhuthaza ukuba bagqithe kwi-FDA yencomo ye-1800 mg / ngemini, esongeza "andifuni kuva oko kuphepha kokhuseleko." UWarner Lambert uhlawule izohlwayo ezingama-430 ezigidi ngokuthengisa ngobuqhetseba nangokungekho mthethweni kwe-Neurontin koogqirha bengqondo.

Ngaba isiganeko esikhethekileyo seNeurontin? Isiporho sokubhalwa kwesifundo sophando oluveliswe ziinkampani zentengiso yinkqubo esemgangathweni. Ngo-2001, iinkampani zamachiza zahlawula i-7 yezigidigidi zeedola kumawaka emibutho yophando yesivumelwano ukuvelisa idatha ebeka amayeza abo kwindawo efanelekileyo. Ingene nzulu kangakanani le nto kwizifo zengqondo? Iipesenti ezingama-57 zamanqaku apapashiweyo ezenzululwazi malunga neZoloft, umzekelo, abhalwa yinkampani yentengiso ye-Medical Medical Directions kunye nesiporho esibhalwe ngabahlohli abangenanxaxheba kwizifundo. La manqaku avela kwiijenali eziphambili kubandakanya Ijenali yaseMelika yoNyango kwaye i Ijenali yoMbutho Wezonyango waseMelika. "Ngaloo ndlela, ubuncinci kwi-anti-depressant, ubuninzi beencwadi zonyango zazibhalwa ngokoqobo yinkampani yeziyobisi eyenza le nkunkuma, malunga nokukhwabanisa kwenzululwazi njengokuba umntu unokucinga," kubhala uCarlat. Kwaye kwifayile ye- INew York Times U-Carl Elliot ubhale wathi, "Iinkampani eziXuba amayeza ziwanyusa amayeza abo ngezifundo zobuxoki ezingenanto ncam kwezenzululwazi."

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