Iitshintsha njani i-Ultimatum Game

Qhubeka. Yenza usuku lwam . -UHarry Callahan, osebenzayo, onganyanisekanga, nangona eyintsomi yamapolisa aseSan Francisco

Abantu baseIran nabasePersi babalasele kubugcisa bothethathethwano . -UDonald Trump, owayesakuba nguMongameli wase-United States

Inkqubo ye- umdlalo wokugqibela yi-microcosm yokulinga yothethathethwano. Isindululo P sicebisa ukuba isixa semali esincinci kufuneka sahlulwe njani kwaye uMphenduli R uyavuma ukuthengisa okanye ukuvota. Ukwahlulahlula phakathi kwamkelwa ngokufanelekileyo, ngelixa ulwahlulo oluthanda kakhulu umceli luyaliwa. Xa oko kusenzeka, akukho P okanye R abafumani nto (Güth et al., 1982; jonga neKrueger, 2016 kunye ne-2020 kweli qonga). Uphando lwengqondo lujolise ekubeni, kutheni, kwaye nini R unokuphikisa isivumelwano kunye nendlela uP anokulindela ngayo kwaye ayiphephe le meko. Umbuzo wangaphambili uqhele ukuguqula umdlalo ube ngumcimbi wesayikholoji yokuziphatha; lo mbuzo wokugqibela ujongana nemicimbi yokuqonda ngokwasentlalweni njengokusebenzisa ingqondo, ithiyori yengqondo, kunye noqikelelo phantsi kokungaqiniseki.

Emva kwamanyathelo amabini esindululo kunye nempendulo, umdlalo wokugqibela uphelile. Abadlali bagoduka kwaye abaphandi babhala iphepha. Obu bubuhle bomdlalo kunye nokusikelwa umda. Endle, iingxoxo zihlala zihamba ngaphaya kwamanyathelo amabini. Makhe siqwalasele umdlalo apho amandla e-veto abuyela ku-P. Nantsi: I-P ibonelela ngokwahlula i-10 leedola. R bangasamkela isicelo okanye benze umntu oza kuba kunye naye, anokuthi emva koko amkele okanye avote.

Masithi P unikezela ngo-8: 2 ukwahlulahlula. Kumdlalo oqhelekileyo, u-R ulingeka ukuba awugatye ngaphandle komona, umona, ingqumbo yokuziphatha, okanye nakuphi na ukudibanisa kwezi mvakalelo. Ukungabinakho ukuvotela isivumelwano, R unokwenza into etyholwayo. Oku kunokuba kukuqhekeka kwe-5: 5, ekwakuthembelwe kuyo kwasekuqaleni, okanye inokuba ngu-2: 8, uthatha icala ngokulinganayo, kwaye ngoku ngokucacileyo uyacaphukisa. A 2: 8 counteroffer ngokwengqondo ngokufanayo kwi-veto. R Vumela u-P azobe iziphumo (ngolunye uguquko, jonga inqaku ekupheleni kwesi sincoko). Umlinganisi ongu-5: 5 uphakeme ngokokuziphatha kuba ubalaselisa ubulungisa obulindeleke ukuba u-R no-R bayihlonele. Ukuphinda ubambe i-counterofffer efanelekileyo kutyhila ukuzingca kuka-P. Ukwazi ukubona kwangaphambili yonke le nto, u-P kunokwenzeka ukuba abonelele ngokwahlulahlula phakathi kulo mdlalo uguqulweyo kunakwimidlalo yamanyathelo amabini. Ukongeza eli nyathelo longezelelweyo kunye nokuvumela abadlali bobabini ukuba benze isithembiso, ngelixa beshiya amandla e-veto ngeshukumisi sokuqala, banokusombulula umdlalo we-ultimatum ngokutshintshela kubulungisa bokwabiwa.

Kulo mdlalo uhlengahlengisiweyo, amandla e-ve vetshi e-P angumfuziselo kunokwenyani kuba ukwala isivumelwano esinobungozi kuyingozi kwimidlalo yomdlali nakwizinto anomdla kuzo (uKrueger et al., 2020). Ewe kunjalo, umntu unokuphikisa ngelithi lomdlalo uguqulweyo uyabethabethana kuba nokuba u-P unike u-6: 4, R unokuphikisana no-5: 5 oya kuthi emva koko amkelwe ngu-P-kwaye ke ngokuqinisekileyo uqiniseke ukuba unikezela ngo-5: 5 kwi indawo yokuqala. Ukukhusela ukwehla uye ekunciphiseni, qaphela ukuba kungenzeka ukuba u-P avunyelwe ukuba aphendule kummeli olungileyo ngokuqinisekisa kwakhona umnikelo wokuqala kwaye ke ngaloo ndlela ubuyisele amandla e-veto ku-R. Kolu hlengahlengiso lomdlalo, sinokubona oku kulandelayo Ulandelelwano lweziganeko: P unikezela nge-8: 2 kunye ne-R zokubala nge-5: 5, ethi yona P yamnkele okanye yamkele i-veto, okanye inyanzelise kwisibonelelo sokuqala esingu-8: 2. Ukuze u-P anyanzelise u-8: 2 kukuphinda-phinda kuba sele kucacile ukuba u-R akayithandi. Xa kuthelekiswa nomdlalo oqhelekileyo, u-P unokuqiniseka ngakumbi ngoku ukuba u-R uza kuvota i-8: 2. Ke ngoko, u-P akufuneki agxininise ku-8: 2 kwaye ahlawule u-5: 5. Kwakhona, nokuba amandla e-veto ekugqibeleni ahlala kunye no-R, kubonakala ngathi nolungiso lomdlalo olungelulo, olunika bobabini abadlali ithuba lokwenza isithembiso, lonyusa amathuba okusasazeka kobulungisa ukuba baphumelele.

Ukuba intando yam ichanekile, impendulo kulo mgca weposti ngu "ewe." Nina (nobabini) niya kuba ngcono kumdlalo wokulwa nesiphelo kuba kunokwenzeka ukuba isivumelwano sifikeleleke. Ngoku khumbula ukuba uyilo lwe-canonical lomdlalo, olungavumeli umntu ophikisana naye, ukuba ayilinge lokuzenzela. Abadlali endle banokuyila (okanye bayile) imidlalo yabo.Ngubani onokukuyekisa ekubeni wenze umntu othembekileyo xa unikwa isigqibo?

Endle, izinto zihlala zenzeka ngokukhawuleza. Kukho ithemba lokuba ngemfundo encinci kwithiyori yomdlalo, sinokuqonda ukuba ngowuphi umdlalo esadlalwa ngawo ukuze sikwazi ukuvelisa eyona mpendulo ilungileyo. Awu, sihlala siqonda emva kwexesha kakhulu ukuba wawuyintoni umdlalo, ngakumbi ukuba siphele singenanto. Emva koko sinokuzithembisa ukuba siza kwenza ngcono kwixesha elizayo okanye sihlengahlengise isigqibo sethu ngeendlela zokuziphatha ukuze siphile nelahleko yezinto eziphathekayo.

Phawula . Ndibonakala ngathi ndiyayigxotha into yokuba R ndibala isithembiso esingu-8: 2 ngesithembiso esilinganayo esingu-2: 8. Kukho, nangona kunjalo, isiseko sokwenza oku nje. Isithembiso se- $ 2 sicebisa ukuba uP acinge ukuba uR kufuneka onwabile ukwamkela le mali incinci. Ewe kunjalo, nabani na kufuneka amkele isibonelelo esincinci kuba $ 2 ingcono kune- $ 0. Kwaye oku kuthathelwa ingqalelo kubandakanya u-R. Esi sizathu asifuni intiyo, umona, ingqumbo yokuziphatha okanye nayiphi na imvakalelo yokuziphatha.