Ngaba Uyakunqwenela Ngakumbi Ukungcakaza?

Umxholo

• Ukunyanzelwa kokuziphatha okunyanzelekileyo ukuFunda
• I-Psychology yoNgcakazo

Ngaba uyakonwabela ukungcakaza?

Nokuba kubandakanya ukuchitha imali kwiitikiti zelotto, ukwenza utyelelo rhoqo kwiikhasino zalapha, ukubheja okungafunekiyo, okanye ukudlala uninzi lweewebhusayithi ezinxulumene nokungcakaza ezikhoyo ngoku, akukho nto iphikisayo ukuba ukungcakaza kulula kakhulu kunangaphambili. EUnited States kuphela, ishishini lokungcakaza lifaka imali eqikelelwa kwi-137.5 yezigidigidi zeedola kuqoqosho lwase-U.S. Ngokubhekisele kwimali yokungcakaza ezisa kwihlabathi liphela, isambuku semali yokungcakaza (GGY) yentengiso yokungcakaza kwihlabathi lonke kuye kwaqikelelwa ukuba kufikelela kuma-495 ezigidi zeedola zaseMelika kwi2019.

Ngelixa icandelo lokungcakaza libonelela ngemisebenzi kumakhulu amawaka abantu kwihlabathi liphela, inecala elimnyama ngokunjalo.Nangona uninzi lwabantu oludlala ngokungcakaza lunqabile ukuba neengxaki, encinci, kodwa ebalulekileyo, ipesenti yabo bonke abantu abangcakazayo baphuhlisa imiba yokuxhomekeka enokubangela iingxaki ezinkulu zemali kunye neemvakalelo. Umzekelo omangalisayo woku wavela kutshanje xa abaphandi babhengeza ukuba uphicotho-zincwadi lwesikolo samaKatolika kufutshane neLos Angeles sigqibe kwelokuba oonongendi ababini, bobabini ababesebenze kwesi sikolo amashumi eminyaka, babedle imali yokuhlawulela ukungcakaza ukuya eLas Vegas. Nangona isambuku esichanekileyo singakhange sichazwe, eminye imithombo siyibeka njenge- $ 500,000 ephezulu. Amabali anje ngoku aqhelekanga kwaye iimeko zokuba imali ngobuqhetseba, ubusela, kunye nokungabinamali yokunxibelelana nokungcakaza kuyaqhubeka ukwenzeka.

Ichongwe njengengxaki yokulutha phantsi kohlelo lwamva nje lweDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-V), ukungcakaza kuphazamiseka kuchazwa njenge "ngxaki engapheliyo yokuziphatha okungcakaza okukhokelela kukhubazeko olubalulekileyo eklinikhi okanye uxinzelelo" olufunyaniswa iindlela zokuziphatha ezahlukeneyo ezinokubandakanya:

• Ukufuna ukungcakaza ngesixa semali esikhulayo ukuze ufezekise imincili oyifunayo
• Ukungazinzi okanye ukucaphuka xa uzama ukuyeka ukungcakaza
• Emva kokwenza iinzame eziphindaphindiweyo zokulawula, ukunciphisa, okanye ukuyeka ukungcakaza
• Ukuxakeka kukungcakaza (umzekelo, ukuba neengcinga ezingapheliyo zokuphinda ufumane amava okungcakaza kwangaphambili, ukukhubazeka okanye ukucwangcisa into elandelayo, ucinga ngeendlela zokufumana imali onokuthi ungcakaze ngayo)
• Emva kokuphulukana nemali yokungcakaza, uhlala ebuya ngolunye usuku ukuziphindezela ("uleqa" ilahleko)
• Ubuxoki bokufihla ubungakanani bokuzibandakanya ekungcakazeni
• Ngaba ubeke emngciphekweni okanye waphulukana nobudlelwane obubalulekileyo, umsebenzi, imfundo okanye ithuba lomsebenzi ngenxa yokungcakaza
• Ukuxhomekeka kwabanye ukuba babonelele ngemali ukukhupha iimeko ezixhalabisayo zemali ezibangelwa kukungcakaza

Ngokubhekisele ekubeni zingaphi iingxaki zokungcakaza ezikhoyo phaya, oko kuxhomekeke ikakhulu kwindlela esetyenziswe ngayo inkcazo, ukuba zinzima kangakanani iimpawu, kwaye bahlala phi. Umzekelo, uphononongo lwango-2002 olugunyaziswe liSebe lezaBasebenzi laseNevada lucebisa ukuba kangange-2.2 ukuya kwi-3.6 yepesenti yabahlali baseNevada abangaphezulu kweminyaka eli-18 banengxaki yokungcakaza, ngelixa izifundo ezinengxaki yokungcakaza kwenye indawo zixela inqanaba lokuxhaphaka .5 ukuya kwiipesenti ezi-3.

Kodwa yintoni eyenza ukungcakaza kube likhoboka kwabanye abantu? Kunye nemincili esisiseko yokuphumelela, uninzi lwabangcakazi lujonga ukuthanda kwabo izinto ezinxulumene nokungcakaza njengenxalenye yoluvo lwabo lwesazisi. Ngokwenyani, ukungcakaza kuye kwaba kokwabo uthando . Ngokwesiqhelo ichazwa njenge "utyekelo olomeleleyo lomsebenzi ocacisayo owuthandayo, ofumanisa ubalulekile, nalapho batyala khona ixesha namandla," uthando ludlala indima ebalulekileyo kwimisebenzi emininzi yabantu, nokuba kukuthanda umdlalo othile, ukuthanda ukuqokelela, ukuba ngumlandeli ozinikeleyo womculo, ubugcisa, imidlalo yeqonga, okanye kwanomdlalo kamabonwakude owuthandayo, njl njl.

Ukuqonda ukubaluleka kokuthanda ebomini babantu, iingcali zengqondo ziqhube izifundo ezininzi zivavanya inkanuko kunye nendlela enokubakhuthaza ngayo abantu. Kwaye, kwiminyaka yakutshanje, uninzi lolo phando lujolise kwimodeli yokuthanda izinto ezimbini ecetyiswe ngugqirha wezengqondo uRobert J. Vallerand.

Ngokwale modeli, ukuthanda kunokujongwa nokuba kunjalo evisisanayo okanye ithatha ingqalelo . Ngomnqweno ohambelanayo, abantu bakhetha ukubandakanyeka kwimisebenzi abayithandayo, bayenze inxalenye yesazisi sabo esisisiseko, kwaye bayidibanise kwezinye izinto zobomi babo njengenxalenye yokuhambelana. Kwelinye icala, ukuthanda ukuthanda umsebenzi okanye umdla kunokongamela imeko yesiqu sakho kwaye kubangele abantu ukuba balandele loo msebenzi ngexabiso lezinye izinto, ezibaluleke ngakumbi. Isalathiso esifanelekileyo sokuba inkanuko iyahambelana okanye ithatha ingqalelo yindlela abantu abazikhusela ngayo xa bechaza ubudlelwane babo naloo msebenzi. Ukuba umntu uziva isidingo sokuxoka, okanye kungenjalo, ixesha elingakanani, izixhobo, kunye nomzamo abawusebenzisayo kulo msebenzi, iphakamisa ukuba umdla wabo ube sisifo kunokuba ngumdla wokuqinisekisa ubomi onokuthi uziswe.

Kodwa ngaba imodeli yokuthanda izinto ezimbini inganceda ukucacisa ukungcakaza okungapheliyo? Isifundo esitsha sophando esapapashwa kwiphephancwadi i-Motivation Science sibonisa ukuba inako. Kuphando lwabo, uBenjamin J. I. Schellenberg weDyunivesithi yase-Ottawa kunye noDaniel S. Bailis weYunivesithi yaseManitoba bagaya abaxhasi abangama-240 kwiikhasino ezimbini zaseCanada. Kunye nokubonelela ngolwazi olusisiseko sabantu, abathathi-nxaxheba baceliwe ukuba bagqibezele iNqanaba lokuNgcakaza lokuNgcwaba ukuba babone izinto ezihambelanayo nezingcolisayo. Iphuhliselwe ukusetyenziswa kwizifundo zophando zangaphambili, isikali sibandakanya izinto ezinje "Andinakuphila ngaphandle kwalo mdlalo wokungcakaza" kwaye "Lo mdlalo wokungcakaza undivumela ukuba ndiphile amava angalibalekiyo." Emva kokugqiba isikali, abathathi-nxaxheba bagqibe umsebenzi wokulingisa ngokungcakaza besebenzisa i-Iowa Gask Task (IGT). Lonke uvavanyo lwenziwe kwiitafile ezazisetiwe kwiifoyoli zekhasino.

I-IGT ekuqaleni yayenzelwe ukusetyenziswa kuphando lwengqondo ukulinganisa izigqibo zobomi bokwenyani ezenziwe ngabantu abangcakazayo. Uvavanyo umntu ngamnye othatha inxaxheba kwimali mboleko yokuqala ye- $ 2,000 kwimali yokucinga kunye nokuyalelwa ukuba bandise inzuzo yabo ngokwenza ukhetho kwiindawo ezine zamakhadi. Iidesika ezimbini zokuqala, iidesika zika-A kunye no-B, zibonelela ngemivuzo ephezulu kodwa neendleko eziphezulu, zikhokelela kwilahleko nge-net ngexesha le-IGT, ngelixa ezinye iidesika ezimbini, i-C kunye no-D, zibonelela ngemivuzo emincinci kodwa neendleko ezincinci ezikhokelela Inzuzo ye-net. Ukuthatha umngcipheko kwi-IGT ngokwenza ukhetho oluninzi kwii-deck A kunye no-B kunakwindawo ye-C kunye no-D, ke ngoko, sisicwangciso sokuphulukana nesithi, nangona sinokubangela ukuzuza okuphezulu kunye nokubuyisa ilahleko yangaphambili nakuluphi na uvavanyo olunikiweyo, ekugqibeleni kukhokelela kwilahleko engaphezulu ikhosi ye-IGT. Umthathi-nxaxheba ngamnye emva koko wenza ukhetho olukhulu kwaye afumane ingxelo kwangoko malunga nemali efunyenwe okanye elahlekileyo emva kovavanyo ngalunye. Kuba abathathi-nxaxheba abaxelelwa ngumahluko phakathi kweepaki, kufuneka bafunde kuzo zonke iimvavanyo ukuba kukhethwe ntoni. I-IGT yagqitywa kwikhompyuter yelaptop enokusetyenziselwa ukubala imilinganiselo eyahlukeneyo ukumisela impumelelo ekuthathweni kwezigqibo (okt, isixa semali eseleyo, ipesenti yamakhadi athathwe kwiidesika ezingalunganga, njl.

Ukunyanzelwa kokuziphatha okunyanzelekileyo ukuFunda

I-Psychology yoNgcakazo