Indlela isiQinisekiso seSeli esiQinisekileyo esiPhando ngayo kwiNeuroscience yoPhando oluPhambili

Enye yezinto ezinomdla wokufunda ngengqondo yomntu kukukwazi ukwenza uphando malunga nokusebenza kwezicubu zobuchopho bomntu. Ngenxa yoko, uninzi lwezifundo zesayensi ziqhutywa kwiintonga njenge-proxy ye-mammalian. Impazamo kule ndlela kukuba iintonga zeentonga zahlukile kubume kunye nokusebenza. Ngokuka-Johns Hopkins, ngokwendlela eyakheke ngayo, ubuchopho bomntu bumalunga neepesenti ezingama-30 zeepesenti kunye neepesenti ezingama-70 zeglia, ngelixa ingqondo yegundwane inesilinganiselo esichaseneyo [1]. Abaphandi be-MIT bafumanise ukuba i-dendrites ye-neurons yomntu ithwala imiqondiso yombane ngokwahlukileyo kune-rodent neurons [2]. Enye into enokubakho kukukhulisa izicwili zobuchopho bomntu usebenzisa itekhnoloji yeseli ye-stem.

Iiseli zestem ziiseli ezingabalulekanga ezivelisa iiseli ezahlukileyo. Kufunyenwe kutsha nje emva kweminyaka yee-80. I-embryonic stem cells zafunyanwa okokuqala ngo-1981 ngu-Sir Martin Evans wase-Cardiff University, e-UK, emva koko kwi-University of Cambridge, ngo-2007 uNobel Laureate kwezonyango [3].

Ngo-1998, kwahlulwahlulwa iiseli zemibungu yabantu zaye zalinyulwa elebhu nguJames Thomson weYunivesithi yaseWisconsin eMadison noJohn Gearhart weYunivesithi yaseJohns Hopkins eBaltimore [4].

Kwiminyaka esibhozo kamva, uShinya Yamanaka weYunivesithi yaseKyoto eJapan wafumanisa indlela yokuguqula iiseli zolusu zeempuku zibe ziiseli ezinamaqela amakhulu zisebenzisa intsholongwane ukwazisa iijini ezine [5]. Iiseli ze-Pluripotent stem zinokwazi ukukhula ziye kwezinye iintlobo zeeseli. U-Yamanaka, kunye noJohn B. Gurdon, baphumelela i-Nobel Prize kwi-Physiology okanye kwi-Medicine ka-2012 ngokufumanisa ukuba iiseli ezikhulileyo zinokuphinda zenziwe kwakhona ukuze zibe zi-pluripotent [6]. Olu luvo lwaziwa ngokuba ziiseli ze-pluripotent stem, okanye ii-iPSC.

Ngo-2013, iqela lezenzululwazi laseYurophu, elalikhokelwa nguMadeline Lancaster noJuergen Knoblich, lavelisa i-cerebral organoid enamacala amathathu (3D) isebenzisa iiseli ze-pluripotent zabantu ezithe “zakhula zaba malunga neemilimitha ezine ngobukhulu kwaye zingaphila kangangeenyanga ezili-10. . [7]. ” Olu yayiluphuculo olukhulu njengoko iimodeli ze-neuron zangaphambili zazicwangcisiwe kwi-2D.

Kutshanje, ngo-Okthobha u-2018, iqela lesayensi elikhokelwa nguTufts lakhula imodeli ye-3D yethishu yobuchopho bomntu ebonisa imisebenzi ye-neural ezenzekelayo ubuncinci iinyanga ezilithoba. Olu phando lwapapashwa ngo-Okthobha u-2018 I-ACS Biomaterials Science kunye nezoBunjineli, ijenali yeAmerican Chemical Society [8].

Ukusuka ekufumanekeni kweeseli zeziqu kwiimpuku ukuya ekukhuleni kweemodeli zenethiwekhi ye-3D yomntu ukusuka kwiiseli ezinama-pluripotent kwisithuba esingaphantsi kweminyaka engama-40, isantya senkqubela phambili yesayensi ibisisiqhelo. Ezi modeli ze-3D zengqondo yomntu inokunceda ukuqhubela phambili kuphando ekufumaneni unyango olutsha lwe-Alzheimer's, iParkinson's, iHuntington's, i-muscular dystrophy, isifo sokuwa, i-amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ekwabizwa ngokuba yi-ALS okanye isifo sikaLou Gehrig), kunye nezinye izifo kunye nokuphazamiseka kwengqondo. Izixhobo ezisebenzisa i-neuroscience xa zisenza uphando ziyaguquka ngokujamelana nobunkunkqele, kwaye iiseli zeziqu zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekukhawuleziseni inkqubela phambili ukunceda uluntu.

Copyright © 2018 Cami Rosso Onke amalungelo agciniwe.

2. URosso, uCami. “Kutheni Ubuchopho Bomntu Bubonakalisa Ubukrelekrele Ophakamileyo?” Psychology Namhlanje. Okthobha 19, 2018.

3. IYunivesithi yaseCardiff. "UMhlekazi uMartin Evans, uMvuzo weNobel kwezonyango." Ifunyenwe i-23 ngo-Okthobha i-2018 kwi-http: //www.cardiff.ac.uk/about/honours-and-awards/nobel-laureates/sir-martin-evans

4. Ukujonga kwentliziyo. "Ixesha leSeli eliQhelekileyo." 2015 Epreli-Juni. Ifunyenwe kwi-10-23-2018 kwi-https: //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4485209/#

5. IScudellari, Megan. "Indlela iiseli ze-iPS ezilitshintshe ngayo ihlabathi." Indalo. Nge-15 kaJuni 2016.

6. Ibhaso likaNobel (2012-10-08). “Ibhaso likaNobel kwiFizoloji okanye amayeza ka-2012 [Upapasho ndaba zekhampani]. Ukufunyanwa kwe-23 ngo-Okthobha i-2018 ukusuka https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/2012/press-release/

7. URojahn, uSusan Young. "Izazinzulu zikhulisa ii-3-D Brain Tissues." Uphengululo lweMIT yeTekhnoloji. Nge-Agasti 28, 2013.

1. UCantley, uWilliam L .; UDu, uChuang; ULomoio, uSelene; UDePalma, uTomas; Ukuzikhusela, uEmily; Kleinknecht, eDominic; Umzingeli, uMartin; I-Tang-Schomer, iMin D.; Tesco, Giuseppina; UKaplan, uDavid L. ” Umsebenzi kunye noQinisekiso lwe-3D yoNxibelelwano lweeNethiwekhi zoLuntu ezivela kwiiPlipipentent Stem Cell. ”I-ACS Biomaterials Science kunye nezoBunjineli, ijenali yeAmerican Chemical Society. Oktobha 1, 2018.