Njani "ukulingwa ngamajelo eendaba" kungayijongela phantsi iNkundla yamatyala

Xa unogada uRichard Jewell efumanisa ubhaka okrokrisayo njengenxalenye yokukhangela kwakhe iziqhelo ze-Centennial Olympic Park ngaphambi kwee-Olimpiki zehlobo zika-1996 e-Atlanta, ukucinga kwakhe ngokukhawuleza kwanceda ukusindisa ubomi obungenakubalwa. Emva kokwazisa amapolisa, uJewell wanceda ukukhupha ibala lepaki ngaphambi kokuba ubhaka, oqulathe ibhombu enamandla, unokuqhuma. Ngaphandle kwemizamo kaJewell nabanye oonogada, ngelishwa, ibhombu yaqhushumba kwaza kwasweleka abantu abangaphezu kwekhulu. Nangona kunjalo, inani lokufa lalisezantsi kakhulu kunokuba kunokuba kunjalo.

Kodwa nangona ekuqaleni wayenconywa njengegorha, uRichard Jewell wazifumana sele "elingwa ngamajelo eendaba" emva kwetyala Ijenali ye-Atlanta-Umgaqo-siseko uxele ukuba "ngumntu onomdla" kwibhombu. Ngelixa uphando lwe-FBI lungazange luye ndawo, u-Jewell uqhubeke nokugcwatywa ngamajelo eendaba kwaye waba yinto yokuhlekisa ephindaphindwayo ngabahlekisi abanjengo Jay Leno owayebhekisa kuye njengo "Una-doofus." Ekugqibeleni uJewell wathethelelwa-kwaye kamva wamangalela ii-arhente zeendaba ezininzi malunga nokugubungela icala labo (uninzi lwala matyala alungiswa ngenxa yemali engachazwanga).

Ngelixa amatyala "okulingwa ngamajelo eendaba" enqabile, ngakumbi emva kolwaphulo-mthetho oluphezulu, umonakalo wexesha elide obangelwe lolu hlobo lolwazi uhlala ungenakulinganiswa. Kodwa olu hlobo lokuvezwa kwemithombo yeendaba luchaphazela njani iziphumo zovavanyo lolwaphulo-mthetho? Nangona ulungiso lwesithandathu loMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S, kunye nemithetho efanayo kwihlabathi liphela, yenzelwe ukuqinisekisa ilungelo labo bonke abatyholwa "kwijaji elungileyo nengakhethi cala," kuqinisekisa ukuba oku akusoloko kunokwenzeka. Ayisiyiyo kuphela i-jurors ekulindeleke ukuba isekele isigqibo sayo kuphela kubungqina obunikwe ukuxoxwa kwetyala, kodwa umgaqo wokungakhethi cala uthetha ukuba abanakuba nakho nayiphi na izimvo zangaphambili malunga netyala abaligqibayo, kubandakanya nokuba ingaba ummangalelwa unetyala na okanye hayi.

Kodwa, njengoko uphando lwangaphambili luye lwabonisa, iindaba zeendaba malunga nolwaphulo-mthetho lwakutsha nje zihlala zibanjiwe kwaye zibhekise kwicala elinye, zihlala zicinga ukuba ummangalelwa sele enetyala. Ukwenza izinto zibe zibi nangakumbi, la mabali ahlala abandakanya ulwazi oluphikisayo olungavumelekanga ngexesha lolwaphulo-mthetho. Olu hlobo lobungqina lunokubandakanya imbali yolwaphulo-mthetho yexesha elidlulileyo (nokuba ayichaphazeli ityala), iinkcazo ezithandekayo zolwaphulo-mthetho, kunye neengxelo ezitshisayo ngokubamba amagosa okanye abatshutshisi. Yongeza kudliwanondlebe oluhlala luhleli kunye nezalamane zalowo ungasekhoyo-uninzi lwabo luchaza ngokucacileyo inkolelo yabo yokuba umtyholwa unetyala- kwaye kungabonakala ngathi wonke umntu onomdla kwelityala iingqondo zakhe sele zenziwe ngaphambi kokuba kukhethwe ijaji.

Inxalenye yesizathu soku kubonakala ngathi icala elinye leendaba liyenzeka kukuba uninzi lobungqina obunikiweyo buvela emapoliseni okanye abatshutshisi. Ayisiyo kuphela igqwetha lokhuselo elithandabuzayo ukuveza ulwazi olubalulekileyo ngaphandle kwenkundla, kodwa bayazi kakuhle ukuba uluvo loluntu luyabachasa.

Kodwa loluphi ulwazelelo loluntu ngaphambi kokuvavanywa kwetyala elinalo kubagwebi? Ayothusi into yokuba izifundo zophando zibonise ukuba abachopheli-tyala bahlala benesimo sengqondo esibi kakhulu kulowo utyholwayo. Kunye nokuba nokwenzeka kokukholelwa ukuba umtyholwa unetyala ngaphambi kokuba kuqale ukuxoxwa kwetyala, banamathuba okungabuthembi nabuphi na ubungqina obuvezwe ngabezomthetho. Ngenxa yoko, kunokwenzeka ukuba banikezele ngesigwebo esinetyala okanye bacebise ngokuchasene nenceba. Kodwa le mithombo yeendaba ibaluleke ngokukodwa kumatyala amakhulu, apho umtyholwa ejongene nesigwebo sentambo. Ayisiyiyo kuphela imigca ephezulu kakhulu kulowo utyholwayo kunakwilingo lolwaphulo-mthetho oluqhelekileyo, kodwa ukwazisa okujikeleze eli tyala kuhlala kushushu ngakumbi kwaye kunemvakalelo.

Nangona abachopheli-matyala kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho ekubulaweni kufanele ukuba babe nenjongo kangangoko, oku akunakwenzeka xa iindaba zosasazo zisoloko zichaza umtyholwa kwityala njengo "mbi" okanye "irhamncwa" (njengokuba kunjalo ngamanye amaxesha). Kwaye, kuba inkqubo yokuchophela amatyala ihlala ishenxisa nabani na ongafuniyo ukunika isigwebo semali, abachopheli-tyala abonyuliweyo baya kuba nakho ukuqiniseka ukuba unetyala lomtyholwa-oko kunokuthetha ukuba iijaji ezininzi zikulungele ukunikezela isigwebo sentambo phambi kokuba uve ubungqina.

Kwithiyori, ubuncinci, iijaji zinoluhlu olubanzi lwezisombululo ezinokusetyenziselwa ukunciphisa olu hlobo lokukhetha. Oku kubandakanya ukufaka isicelo sokutshintsha indawo kwenye indawo apho iijaji zinamathuba ambalwa okuba zithathe icala, ukumiswa kwetyala kude kube kupapashwa esidlangalaleni, okanye kwandiswe i-voir dire (ukubuza abachopheli-tyala ngokufanelekileyo malunga nokukhetha kwabo). Ngelishwa, ezi ndlela zihlala kunzima ukuzisebenzisa, ngakumbi kumatyala axhokonxwa ngokweemvakalelo apho uluntu luzimisele ukubona ubulungisa busenziwa. Kwaye, kuthathelwa ingqalelo ukuba amatyala amakhulu ahlala ehlala efumana isixa esikhulu sokwazisa okungalunganga, oku kwenza ukuba kube nzima ngakumbi ukoyisa ingxaki.

Konke okusizisa kuphando olutsha olupapashwe kwiphephancwadi Psychology, Umgaqo-nkqubo woLuntu, kunye noMthetho. UShirin Bakshay noCraig Haney weYunivesithi yaseCalifornia, eSanta Cruz, baphonononge ifuthe lokwazisa kwangaphambili kwetyala kuthotho lwamatyala amakhulu eCarlifonia. Ngokukodwa, bajolise kumatyala angama-20 enzekileyo phakathi kowe-1979 nowama-2005 apho kwenziwa khona isicelo sendawo ngenxa yenkxalabo malunga nokukhetha izinto ezinokubakho. Lilonke, ababhali bavavanye ngaphezulu kwe-1,381 yamanqaku eendaba malunga namatyala (amanqaku angama-92 kwityala ngalinye). La manqaku abandakanya amabali eendaba, abahleli, kunye nokungcwaba kunye namanqaku apapashwe ngokukodwa kwi-Intanethi.

Oko bakufumanisileyo yayikukuchazwa kwamaphepha-ndaba olwaphulo-mthetho lwenkunzi kuhlala kungaguquguquki ngokumangalisayo kwisithuba seminyaka engama-26 yesifundo. Ngokusisiseko, iipesenti ezingama-75 okanye nangaphezulu kwamanqaku afundwayo ayengenalo ithoni ebandakanya inkcazo yolwaphulo-mthetho. usapho, "njl.

Ngokuchaseneyo, kuphela liipesenti ezili-19 zamanqaku azame ukulungelelanisa ukugubungela kwawo okanye ukunika ubungqina obunokuxhasa ummangalelwa. Ukuthathela ingqalelo ukuba onke la ayengamatyala okufa, ziipesenti ezimbini kuphela zamanqaku eziphikisanayo nokusetyenziswa kwesigwebo sentambo kwaye zihlala kuphela kwiimeko ezizodwa kakhulu (ezinje ngommangalelwa ogula ngengqondo, njlnjl.). Ngokubhekisele kwimithombo ecatshulwe kumanqaku, amagosa asebupoliseni kunye / okanye abatshutshisi babenamathuba aphindwe kathandathu okuba bacatshulwe kunommeli wezomkhosi okanye eminye imithombo ethanda ummangalelwa. Amanqaku nawo anikele ingqalelo enkulu "ekuphenduleni koluntu" kulwaphulo-mthetho, kubandakanya indlela abantu ababenomsindo ngayo kunye nendlela ababeloyike ngayo ulwaphulo-mthetho.

Ngokubhekiselele kwimpembelelo yokwenene konke oku kubhengezwa kakubi kwindlela imeko nganye edlalwe ngayo, iziphumo zophando zibonakala zicacile. Phantse kuwo onke amatyala abonisa ukungahambi kakuhle kummangalelwa, izicelo zabameli bezokhuselo zokuba indawo yetyala itshintshwe zaliwe. Kwaye esona sigwebo ngokwenyani kumatyala, inye kuphela yamatyala apho utshintsho lendawo yesicelo saliwe yafunyanwa. Abanye bona banikwa isigwebo sentambo.

Ngelixa u-Bakshay no-Haney bevuma ukulinganiselwa okubalulekileyo kufundo lwabo, kubandakanya nenani elincinci lamatyala afundisiweyo, iziphumo zabo zisaqaqambisa ifuthe elinokubakho kuluntu lwangaphambi kokuvavanywa kwetyala. Kuba wonke umntu uzakusekela uluvo lwabo kwityala elivela kumajelo eendaba, nokuba uthatha icala elingakanani, oku kuthetha ukuba "ukulingwa ngamajelo eendaba" kuhlala kuchaphazela indlela abagwebi abaza kuvota ngayo. Ngenxa yokuba phantse zonke izicelo zokutshintsha indawo ezivavanyiweyo kolu phando zaliwe, oku kungathetha ukuba iijaji zinokuchaphazeleka kukhetho lwamajelo eendaba nawo.

Kwaye olu phononongo alujongi nakwindima eqala ukudlalwa kwimidiya yoluntu ngendlela ezenziwa ngayo izilingo. I-Twitter, i-Facebook, kunye namanye amaqonga athandwayo sele esetyenziselwa ukusasaza ulwazi (kunye nengcaciso engeyiyo) enokuthi ithathe isigqibo nge-jury-nangona kusekho ukusilela okumangalisayo kophando kule ndawo.

Ngelixa ukugubungela okwenzekileyo kulwaphulo-mthetho oluphezulu kuya kuqhubeka ukutsala abafundi, kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba oku kungawuphazamisa njani umxholo wolingo olulungileyo. Kungathuthuzela ukucinga ukuba nabani na ohlawuliswe ngolu hlobo kufuneka ngokuzenzekelayo abe netyala, kodwa oku kuhlala kungenjalo ngokwenyani. Njengamabali aliqela abantu abarhuqelwe entolongweni kuphela ngenxa yobungqina obukhoyo kunye noxinzelelo losasazo esele lubonakalisile, "ukuvavanywa ngamajelo eendaba" akunakuba kuyimpazamo. Kungabaluleke ngakumbi kunanini na ngaphambili ukufumana indlela yokulinganisa "ilungelo lokwazi" likawonkewonke kunye namalungelo asisiseko abatyholwa kwityala elifanelekileyo.