Uhambo oluNgakholelekiyo: Ikhaya labantwana kunye neenja

Umxholo

• Ibali eliqhelekileyo lendlela esidibene ngayo. . .
• Ibali elingcono?
• Kodwa linda! Yintoni kanye kanye into yokwenziwa kwekhaya?
• Kodwa ke yintoni ukufuya?

Ayisiyonto ilukhuni ukuyithetha into yokuba izinja nabantu benzelwa enye nenye, nangona indlela intsebenziswano phakathi kwezi ntlobo zimbini zahluke ngayo iseyimfihlakalo engapheliyo. Kuyaziwa, nokuba kunjalo, ukuba kuthetha izinto eziphilayo, izinja ( I-Canis lupus familiaris kunye neengcuka ( ICanis lupus ) zihlobene kakhulu-kakhulu, kangangokuba izazi zezilwanyana ziyavuma ukuba izinja zanamhlanje ziziingcuka ezifuywayo - okanye ukuthetha ngolwimi oluthile esidleleni, izinja ziingcuka ezambethe ufele lwegusha. Ukuba oku kuyinyani, umbuzo ocacileyo wembali ngowokuba kwenzeka ntoni emhlabeni ngaxa lithile elidlulileyo elijike ezinye iingcuka zaba zizinja zale mihla?

Ibali eliqhelekileyo lendlela esidibene ngayo. . .

Indlela iingcuka nabantu abaqala ngayo ukuba liqela libali eliqala ngokucacileyo kumawaka eminyaka eyadlulayo ngexesha lokugqibela loMhlaba weI Ice Age. Inzululwazi iyinzululwazi, kukho ukungaqiniseki okuninzi kunye nengxoxo enkulu malunga nokuba kudala kangakanani ukubakho kweentlobo zokuqala kwenzeka. Akukacaci ncam ukuba obu budlelwane benzeka phi okokuqala. Kwangokunjalo kukho ukungaqiniseki malunga nokuba kutheni.

Ibali eliqhelekileyo lezinja zasekhaya ezixeliweyo kudala kudala ngugqirha wezilwanyana, ugqirha wezobuchwephesha, kunye noNobel Laureate uKonrad Lorenz - kodwa nangabanye abaninzi ngeendlela ezahlukileyo - inokuba kwakudala, iingcuka (okanye kwinguqulelo kaLorenz, oodyakalashe) ukuzulazula ujikeleze inkampu yomzingeli wePleistocene kunye nezihlobo zabo ukufumana ukutya okushiyekileyo ngabom, okanye mhlawumbi kulahlwe nje njengenkunkuma.

Ngayiphi na imeko, ke ibali liyahamba, kungekudala okanye kamva, kwicala lomntu le-equation baqonda ukuba ezi zinto zingamandla, ubuncinci ezizezona zinobuhlobo, zingangaphezulu kokuphazamisa nje. Banokuzenza babe luncedo njengabalindi, amaqabane okuzingela, njalo njalo. Mhlawumbi kwanento efudumeleyo yokugona kunye nobusuku obubandayo basebusika.

Ibali elingcono?

Ngokwenyani asinakuze sazi ukuba, okanye ngoba, iingcuka kunye nabantu babedibana kumawaka eminyaka eyadlulayo. Ngaphaya koko, ngoku kukho izizathu ezifanelekileyo zokucinga ukuhlaziywa kwebali eliqhelekileyo lokuguqulwa kwengcuka kwinja kuyafuneka. Kungenzeka ukuba ubulumko obuqhelekileyo babubaxa kwindlela esinempembelelo ngayo ekubumbeni kungekuphela nje kweempawu zenja, kodwa kunye nokuziphatha kwazo. NjengoMartina Lazzaroni kwiLebhu laseKhaya eKonrad Lorenz Institute of Ethology eVienna, eOstriya, kunye noogxa bakhe babhale kutshanje: "Iziphumo zethu zixhasa uluvo lokuba ukufuywa kwekhaya kuchaphazele indlela izinja eziziphethe ngayo ngokumalunga nomdla wazo wokusondela iqabane lomntu ... Nangona kunjalo, akukacaci ukuba yeyiphi inkuthazo yokuqhuba nomntu. "

Kodwa linda! Yintoni kanye kanye into yokwenziwa kwekhaya?

Ngoqeqesho nomsebenzi, ndiyingcali ye-anthropologist, hayi i-zoologist okanye i-ethologist. Ndingaba ndiphosakele, kodwa andicingi ukuba siyazi ngokwenyani into ezise iingcuka kunye nabantu kwintsebenziswano ngaphaya kwento ecacileyo yokuba zombini zizilwanyana zentlalo. Nje ukuba uhlangane kwaye usebenze kunye nabanye bohlobo lwakho, ngaba ngenene konke kunzima ukukholelwa ukuba unganakho ukubalisa, ngokunjalo, ngokwahlulahlula olunye uhlobo kolunye?

Into endinokuyithetha, nangona kunjalo, kukuba njenge-anthropologist ndiye ndacinga kwaye ndabhala-ndiyathemba ngokuqonda okuthile-malunga nento ebizwa ngokuba "kukuphinda ubuyele ekhaya." ¹

Njengoko i-archaeologist uJohn Hart kunye nam kunye noogxa bethu besiphikisana iminyaka, kuyalahlekisa, nokuba kuyimpazamo enkulu, ukuchaza ukubuyela ekhaya njengebali malunga notshintsho lwemfuzo oluziswe ngeendlela zabantu. ² Njengoko mna noJohn sabhala ngo-2008:

. . . Ukujonga ukuqala kwesiqhelo sasekhaya (kwaye singongeza, ezolimo) luphando oluza kutshatyalaliswa kwasekuqaleni. Ngoba? Kungenxa yokuba (a) iintlobo akufuneki zitshintshwe ngokubonakalayo, morphologically okanye ufuzo, ngaphambi kokuba zifakwe ekhaya; (b) Utshintsho lwemilo nolwemfuza ngamanye amaxesha olunokuthi luthathwe “njengemiqondiso yokufakwa ekhaya” luthatha ixesha ukukhula, kwaye ngenxa yoko ziyabonakala, ukuba zizakubonakala konke konke, emva kwenyani yokwenziwa kwendlu ngabantu; kwaye (c) sigqibe kwelokuba zizityalo nezilwanyana kuphela ezibonisa ngokucacileyo iimpawu zokusetyenziswa nokulinywa kwabantu ezinokubizwa ngokuba ziimeko “zasekhaya” zokujongela phantsi ubukho namandla okuhlaliswa kwabantu kwilizwe esiphila kulo.³

Kodwa ke yintoni ukufuya?

Ukusuka kolu luvo, kuba thina bantu sihlala sisebenzisa uninzi, hayi nje ezimbalwa, iintlobo zezityalo nezilwanyana, ukufuya ekhaya akuthethi nje Ukudambisa isilwanyana okanye ukulima isityalo:

1. Indlela esizenze ngayo ezinye iintlobo zezilwanyana zahluka, kwaye zihlala zahluka, kuxhomekeka kwindidi ekuthethwa ngayo nakwindlela esifuna ukuxhaphaza ngayo.
2. Ke ngoko, ulwakhiwo lwasekhaya lunokulinganiswa ngokungaguquguqukiyo ngu ukusebenza - ngezakhono zobuqhetseba ezichaza ukuba zenziwa njani- kunokuba neziphumo zayo (ngamanye amaxesha ezibonakalayo).
3. Kungoko naziphi na iintlobo ezinokubizwa ngokuba "zezasekhaya" xa olunye uhlobo iyayazi indlela yokuyisebenzisa kakubi, nangaphezulu, uguquko lwasekhaya ngu inyaniso yobomi kwaye ayibobuchule obukhethekileyo bomntu okanye italente.

Uthini umyalezo wokuthatha apha? Nokuba zizinja okanye abantu abazalwanga kweli hlabathi besazi indlela yokuxhaphaza enye. Ukuba uyavuma kunye nam ukuba ukufuywa ekhaya ligama elithetha "ukwazi indlela yokwenza," ngaphandle kokubaxa, nokuba kanjani ICanis lupus kwaye Homo sapiens yavela kwinqanaba lokuba benze njalo, bobabini abantwana kunye nezinja kufuneka bafunde ngamava ukuba bangakwenza njani oko -Indlela yokwenza amakhaya abo ukusebenzisana kwilizwe kunye neentlobo ezininzi eziphila phakathi kwabo.