Ngaba ukwenza umsebenzi wasekhaya kukuTshintsha?

Ngaba izibini ezabelana ngemisebenzi yasendlini zinesondo elincinci?

Uphononongo luka-2013 ngokuthelekisa izibini "zesiko", apho abantu basetyhini benza uninzi lwemisebenzi yasendlwini, kunye nezinye izibini ezilinganayo ezabelana ngemisebenzi ngokulinganayo zacebisa ukuba izibini ezilinganayo bezabelana ngesondo rhoqo.

Abaphandi bagqiba kwelokuba "ukuboniswa kwesini" kwakuyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yesini emtshatweni (okt, amadoda enza imisebenzi yesintu "yendoda" njengokucheba ingca okanye ukulungisa izinto kunye nabasetyhini abahlamba iimpahla nezitya, njlnjl.). Isifundo sivelise ingxoxo edlamkileyo kumajelo eendaba malunga nobubi kunye nobubi bokwabelana ngomsebenzi wasekhaya, nokuba kuthetha ntoni ngokwesini somtshato.

Nangona loo mpikiswano yaqhubeka, nangona kunjalo, abanye abaphandi baqala ukubuza indlela yokufunda kunye nokuba ngaba izigqibo zayo zinengqiqo. Uphando lwangaphambili lokuvavanya unxibelelwano phakathi komsebenzi wasekhaya kunye nokwabelana ngesondo emtshatweni kuye kwavelisa iziphumo eziphikisanayo: Abanye abaphandi bathi ixesha elichithwe kwimisebenzi yasendlini linokuthi linciphise ixesha elifumanekayo kwisondo, nangona izifundo kamva zingakhange zibonise oku. Ukuba ikhona into, uninzi lwabantu abatshatileyo bayazibandakanya "basebenze nzima, badlale ngokuzimisela" kunye nezibini ezifumana ixesha lomsebenzi wasekhaya, umsebenzi osisigxina, kunye nokwabelana ngesondo.

Kwelinye icala, kukwakho umbuzo wendlela amadoda nabafazi qonda igalelo labo elinxulumene nomsebenzi wasekhaya. Rhoqo, amadoda anokucinga ngathi ayalingana nangona amaqabane abo esenokuba esenza owona msebenzi. Oku kuphakamisa umba wokuba amadoda nabafazi bahluke njani ngokwesahlulo esifanelekileyo kwimisebenzi yasekhaya, nokuba ngaba abantu basetyhini bazifumana besenza okungakumbi ukuthatha ubuvila kumadoda angasebenziyo. Oku kuluchaphazela njani ubudlelwane phakathi komsebenzi wasekhaya kunye nokwabelana ngesondo kunzima ukulinganisa njengesiphumo, nangona iimpikiswano malunga nobulungisa ngokuqinisekileyo zinokunciphisa ukuphindaphinda kwesibini esabelana ngesondo.

Kukwabalulekile ukuqwalasela indlela eziguquke ngayo izinto malunga nendima yesini emsebenzini wasekhaya ngokuhamba kwexesha. Ngelixa ukwabiwa ngokulinganayo kwemisebenzi ithathwa ngokungakhathali namhlanje, oku bekungasoloko kunjalo. Kwaye abantu bezinye iinkcubeko bahlala benezimvo ezahlukileyo malunga nomsebenzi owamkelekileyo kumadoda nabafazi. Kuba uninzi lwezifundo ezijonga imisebenzi yasekhaya kunye nokwabelana ngesondo zihlala zinqamleza, azinakubonakalisa umohluko phakathi kwezizukulwana kwaye oko kunokuthetha ntoni kwizibini ezininzi.

Uphando olutsha olupapashwe kwi Ijenali yezeNzululwazi yoSapho ujonga ngakumbi ikhonkco phakathi kokuthatha inxaxheba kweqabane lendoda emsebenzini wasekhaya kunye nokwabelana ngesondo emtshatweni. UMateyu D. Johnson weYunivesithi yase-Alberta kunye noogxa bakhe bavavanya idatha ethathwe kuPhononongo lwePhaneli yoBudlelwane obusondeleyo kunye neDynamics yoSapho (i-pairfam). Olu luphononongo lwexesha elide ngaphezulu kwama-12,000 amaJamani azalwe "kumaza" amathathu (1971-73, 1981-83, kunye no-1991-93) enedatha eqokelelwe minyaka le ukusukela ngo-2008 ukulinganisa utshintsho lobomi ekuhambeni kwexesha.

Kwabo bathathi-nxaxheba ababenobudlelwane, idatha kumaqabane abo yaqokelelwa, ukuze bafunde ubuqabane obusondeleyo; ubudlelwane nabantwana; ukuba ngumzali nokukhula komntwana; kunye nobudlelwane phakathi kwezizukulwana. Bonke abathathi-nxaxheba abatshatileyo bazalise iikhweshine ezilinganisa imiba eyahlukeneyo yobomi bomtshato, kubandakanya ukuhamba ngokwesondo, ukwabelana ngemisebenzi yasekhaya, nokuba ukwahlulwa kwemisebenzi yasekhaya kwathathwa njengokufanelekileyo.

Kumawakawaka abantu abatshatileyo abafunelwa isifundo esikhulu, uJohnson kunye neqela lakhe bahlalutya izibini ezili-1,338 ezahlala kunye ngexesha lamanqanaba amahlanu ophando ukubona ukuba ubudlelwane babo bukhula kwaye butshintsha njani ngokuhamba kwexesha. Ngokomndilili, ezi zibini bezikunye iminyaka ephantse ibe li-10, ngeepesenti ezingama-70 zinomntwana omnye okanye nangaphezulu. Ngokusekwe kwiimpendulo zabo kumaphepha emibuzo, izibini zazonwabela ukwanela kunye nokwanelisa ngesondo xa amadoda enegalelo elifanelekileyo kwimisebenzi yasekhaya. Obu budlelwane phakathi kwesahlulo esifanelekileyo somsebenzi wasendlwini kunye nokwabelana ngesondo kugcinwe ngokumangalisayo ekuhambeni kwexesha, kwanaxa ezinye izinto ezinokubangela ukuphazamiseka zithathelwa ingqalelo.

Okubangela umdla ngokwaneleyo kukuba, eyiyo isixa Umsebenzi wasekhaya owenziwe ngamadoda wawungabalulekanga ekumiseleni ixesha elizayo ngokwesondo njenge ukuqonda ukuba benze isabelo sabo esilungileyo. Inani lomsebenzi wasendlwini ekulindeleke ukuba bawenze bahlala behluka ngokuxhomekeke kubungakanani bexesha abanalo; indlela iinkcubeko ezahlukeneyo ezibajonga ngayo abantu abenza imisebenzi yasekhaya; kunye nohlobo ubudlelwane izibini babe. Njengoko abaphandi bebonisile kwizigqibo zabo:

"Ukugqibezela umsebenzi wasekhaya kunakho okanye kungonwabi, kodwa ukwazi ukuba iqabane lakho liyatsala ubunzima balo kuthintela umsindo nobukrakra, kudala umhlaba otyebileyo apho ukudibana ngokwesondo (okwanelisayo) kunokubakho."

UJohnson et al. kwajongwa kwakhona umntu obhinqileyo ukulunga kweqabane kunye nokuba linxulumene njani nokuhamba rhoqo kwezesondo kodwa akafumani sikhombiso sayo nayiphi na ikhonkco lokwenyani. Kuba abafazi baqhelekile kulindeleke ukwenza isabelo sabo esifanelekileyo somsebenzi wasendlwini (ukuba awukho ngaphezulu), amadoda athambekele ekubeni angancamathiseli ixabiso lilinganayo kwisahlulo esifanelekileyo somsebenzi wasekhaya kunabafazi.

Ke, kutheni le miphumo yahluke kangaka kwisifundo esidlulileyo esibonisa izibini "zemveli" ezabelana ngesondo ngakumbi? Okokuqala, olu phononongo lujonge kwizibini zaseJamani ngelixa olunye uphando luqokelelwe eMelika. Kwakukho umahluko obalulekileyo kwindlela idatha eqokelelwa ngayo ngokuhamba kwexesha; uhlobo lwezibini ezifakiwe kuphando; kunye nendlela umsebenzi wasendlini owawulinganiswa ngayo onokuthi ubangele iziphumo ezahlukeneyo.

Okwangoku, ezi ziphumo zamva nje zibonisa ukuba kubaluleke kangakanani kwizibini ezininzi ukuba amadoda enze isabelo sawo esifanelekileyo somsebenzi wasekhaya-kwaye ukuphindaphinda kwesondo ayisiyiyo kuphela inzuzo evela ekwabelaneni ngemisebenzi. Izibini ezithandanayo ziyaziphepha iingxaki zobudlelwane ezihlala zivela xa elinye iqabane lisilela ukwenza isabelo esifanelekileyo semisebenzi.

Kwababini abafuna ukuhlala kunye ixesha elide, ukuseka intsebenziswano yokwenyani, kubandakanya ukwahlulwa ngokufanelekileyo koxanduva lwasekhaya, kubaluleke kakhulu kunokuba ucinga.