UMary Parker Follett: I-Biography yale Ngcali yezeNgqondo yombutho

Umxholo

• Lo mphandi wayenguvulindlela kulawulo lwempixano kunye nokusonjululwa.
• I-biographie kaMary Parker Follet: uvulindlela kwizengqondo zentlangano
• Uqeqesho lwezifundo kwiKholeji yaseRadcliffe
• Ukungenelela koluntu kunye nokungafani kwamacandelo
• Imisebenzi ephambili
• 1. Amandla nefuthe kwezopolitiko
• 2. Inkqubo yokudibanisa
• 3. Amava ayiliweyo
• 4. Ukusonjululwa kwembambano

Lo mphandi wayenguvulindlela kulawulo lwempixano kunye nokusonjululwa.

UMary Parker Follet (1868-1933) wayengugqirha wengqondo ophayona kwiingcinga zobunkokheli, uthethathethwano, amandla kunye nengxabano. Uye wenza imisebenzi emininzi kwidemokhrasi kwaye waziwa njengomama "wolawulo" okanye ulawulo lwangoku.

Kweli nqaku siza kubona Imbali emfutshane kaMary Parker Follet, Obomi bakhe busivumela ukuba sisekele ikhefu eliphindwe kabini: kwelinye icala, siphula intsomi yokuba ufundo lwengqondo lwenziwe ngaphandle kokuthatha inxaxheba kwabasetyhini, kwaye kwelinye icala, olo lonxibelelwano lweshishini kunye nolawulo lwezopolitiko olwenziwe ngamadoda kuphela.

I-biographie kaMary Parker Follet: uvulindlela kwizengqondo zentlangano

UMary Parket Follet wazalwa ngo-1868 kusapho lwamaProtestanti eMassachusetts, eUnited States. Kwiminyaka eyi-12, waqala uqeqesho kwizifundo zaseThayer Academy, indawo eyayisandul 'ukuvulelwa abantu basetyhini kodwa eyayakhiwe ngenjongo yokukhuthaza imfundo ikakhulu kubantu besini esingamadoda.

Ephenjelelwa ngutitshala wakhe kunye nomhlobo wakhe u-Anna Bouton Thompson, uParker Follet uphuhlise umdla okhethekileyo kuphando kunye nokusetyenziswa kweendlela zesayensi kuphando. Kwangelo xesha, yakha ifilosofi yayo kwimigaqo ekufuneka ilandelwe ziinkampani kwimeko yentlalo yomzuzu.

Ngale mithetho-siseko, wanika ingqalelo ekhethekileyo kwimicimbi enje ngokuqinisekisa impilo-ntle yabasebenzi, ukuxabisa iinzame zomntu ngamnye nezokuhlangana, kunye nokukhuthaza ukusebenzisana.

Namhlanje le yokugqibela ibonakala iphantse yacaca, nangona ingahlali ithathelwa ingqalelo. Kodwa, malunga nokunyuka kweTaylorism (ukwahlulwa kwemisebenzi kwinkqubo yemveliso, ekhokelela ekuhlukanisweni kwabasebenzi), kunye neendibano zeFordist chain ezifakwa kwimibutho (ukubeka phambili ukubekwa phambili kwabasebenzi kunye namatyathanga endibano avumela ukuvelisa ngaphezulu ixesha elincinci), Ithiyori zikaMary Parker kunye nohlengahlengiso awayenzayo ngoTaylorism uqobo babenobuchule obukhulu.

Uqeqesho lwezifundo kwiKholeji yaseRadcliffe

UMary Parker Follet wasekwa kwi "Annex" yeYunivesithi yaseHarvard (eyathi kamva yaba yiKholeji yaseRadcliffe), nesisithuba esenziwe yiyunivesithi enye nesenzelwe abafundi ababhinqileyo, khange zibonwe zinakho ukwamkelwa kwezemfundo ezisemthethweni. Into abayifumeneyo, nangona kunjalo, yayiziiklasi kunye nootitshala abafundisa abafana. Kule meko, uMary Parker wadibana, phakathi kwezinye izifundiswa, uWilliam James, ugqirha wezengqondo kunye nefilosofi yempembelelo enkulu kwi-pragmatism kunye nokusebenza kwengqondo.

Abokugqibela babefuna ukuba nesayikholoji isicelo esisebenzayo sobomi kunye nokusombulula iingxaki, neyamkelwa kakuhle ngokukodwa kwindawo yezoshishino nakulawulo lwamashishini, yasebenza njengempembelelo enkulu kwiingcinga zikaMary Parker.

Ukungenelela koluntu kunye nokungafani kwamacandelo

Abasetyhini abaninzi, nangona beqeqeshiwe njengabaphandi kunye nososayensi, bafumana amathuba angcono kunye nophuculo lobuchwephesha kwisayensi yokusebenza kwengqondo. Kwakunjalo ngenxa yokuba izithuba apho ulingo lwengqondo lwalusenziwa khona lwalugcinelwe amadoda, ekwakuyindawo enobutshaba kubo. Inkqubo yocalulo yayineziphumo zayo ngokuthe ngcembe ukudibanisa isayikholoji esetyenzisiweyo kumaxabiso obufazi, kamva yatshitshiswa phambi kolunye uqeqesho olunxulunyaniswa neenqobo zobudoda kwaye yathathelwa ingqalelo “njengobunzululwazi”.

Ukusukela ngo-1900, nangeminyaka engama-25, uMary Parker Follet wenza umsebenzi woluntu kumaziko oluntu eBoston, phakathi kwezinye iindawo ethathe inxaxheba kwiRoxbury Debate Club, indawo apho uqeqesho lwezopolitiko lwanikwa abantu abatsha ngeenxa zonke umxholo wokucalulwa okubalulekileyo kubemi abavela kwamanye amazwe.

Ingcamango kaMary Parker Follet yayinomlingiswa ohlukeneyo, apho wakwazi ukudibanisa kunye nengxoxo kunye nemisinga eyahlukeneyo, kokubini kwezengqondo nakwintlalo nakwintanda-bulumko. Ukusuka koku wakwazi ukuphuhlisa uninzi Imisebenzi emitsha ayisebenzi njengengcali yeengqondo kuphela, kodwa nakwiithiyori malunga nedemokhrasi. Le yokugqibela yamvumela ukuba asebenze njengomcebisi obalulekileyo kuwo omabini amaziko ezentlalo kunye noqoqosho, abezopolitiko kunye noosomashishini. Nangona kunjalo, kwaye ngenxa yokuncitshiswa kwesayikholoji yengqondo ephucukileyo, oku kuhlukahlukana kwezinto kwabangela ubunzima obahlukeneyo bokuthathwa okanye ukwamkelwa "njengengcali yeengqondo".

Imisebenzi ephambili

Iithiyori eziphuhliswe nguMary Parker Follet bezikho iluncedo ekumiseni imigaqo-nkqubo yolawulo lwangoku. Phakathi kwezinye izinto, iingcamango zakhe zahlula phakathi kwamandla "kunye" namandla "ngaphezulu"; ukuthatha inxaxheba kunye nefuthe kumaqela; kunye nendlela yokudibanisa kuthethathethwano, zonke zithathwe kamva yinxalenye elungileyo yethiyori yombutho.

Kwimivumbo ebanzi siza kuphuhlisa inxalenye encinci yemisebenzi kaMary Parker Follet.

1. Amandla nefuthe kwezopolitiko

Kwimeko efanayo yeKholeji yaseRadcliffe, uMary Parker Follett waqeqeshwa kwimbali nakwinzululwazi yezopolitiko kunye no-Albert Bushnell Hart, athe wathabatha kuye ulwazi olukhulu kuphuhliso lophando lwezenzululwazi. Waphumelela i-summa cum laude e-Radcliffe wabhala i-thesis eyayinconywa ngowayesakuba nguMongameli wase-US u-Theodore Roosevelt ngokuthathela ingqalelo umsebenzi kaMary Parker Foller kwizicwangciso-buciko ze-US Congress exabisekileyo.

Kule misebenzi waqhuba ngocoselelo iinkqubo zomthetho kunye neendlela ezifanelekileyo zamandla nefuthe, ngokwenza irekhodi leeseshoni, kunye nokuhlanganiswa kwamaxwebhu kunye nodliwanondlebe lobuqu kunye nabongameli beNdlu yabameli baseMelika. . . Iziqhamo zalo msebenzi yile ncwadi inesihloko USomlomo weNdlu yabameli (iguqulelwe njengoSomlomo weCongress).

2. Inkqubo yokudibanisa

Kwenye yeencwadi zakhe, Umbuso oMtsha: Umbutho weQela, owawusisiqhamo samava akhe kunye nomsebenzi woluntu, uParker Follet ukhusele ukuyilwa "kwenkqubo yokudibanisa" eyayinakho ukugcina urhulumente wentando yesininzi ngaphandle kolawulo lwamandla.

Ukwakhusele nokuba ukwahlukana phakathi komntu kunye noluntu akuyonto yintsomi, ekufuneka kufundwe ngayo "amaqela" hayi "uninzi", kunye nokufuna ukudityaniswa komehluko. Ngale ndlela, yena ixhase ingcinga "yezopolitiko" ekwabandakanya ubuquKungenxa yoko le nto inokuthi ithathelwe ingqalelo njengoyena ndoqo wezona zifilosofi zipolitiki zelixesha langoku (Domínguez & García, 2005).

3. Amava ayiliweyo

Amava oBuchule, ukusukela ngo-1924, yenye yezona zinto ziphambili kuye. Kule nto, uyayiqonda "amava okuyila" njengendlela yokuthatha inxaxheba ebeka umzamo wakhe kwindalo, apho ukudibana kunye nokujongana nemidla eyahlukeneyo nako kubalulekile. Phakathi kwezinye izinto, uFollett ucacisa ukuba indlela yokuziphatha ayibobudlelwane be "sifundo" esisebenza "kwinto" okanye ngokuchaseneyo (umbono awubona kufanelekile ukuba awushiye), kodwa endaweni yoko iseti yemisebenzi efumanekayo nokunxibelelanayo.

Ukusuka apho, wahlalutya iinkqubo zempembelelo kwezentlalo, kwaye wagxeka ukwahlukana okubukhali phakathi "kokucinga" kunye "nokwenza" kusetyenziswa kwiinkqubo zokuqinisekisa ubungqina. Inkqubo ehoywa rhoqo xa kuthathelwa ingqalelo ukuba i-hypothesis ngokwayo sele ivelisa ifuthe kungqinisiso lwayo. Ubuye wabuza ngenkqubo yokusombulula ingxaki yomgama ophakanyiswe sisikolo sepragmatism.

4. Ukusonjululwa kwembambano

UDomínguez noGarcía (2005) bachonga izinto ezimbini eziphambili ezichaza intetho kaFollet malunga nokusonjululwa kwembambano kwaye imele isikhokelo esitsha kwihlabathi lemibutho: kwelinye icala, ingcinga yokusebenzisana kwezongquzulwano, kwelinye, isindululo sokulawulwa kwengxabano ngokudityaniswa.

Yile ndlela iinkqubo zokudityaniswa ezicetyiswe nguParker Follet, kunye nolwahluko awumiselayo phakathi "kwamandla-kunye" kunye "namandla-ngaphezulu", zizinto ezimbini ezichaseneyo ezichaphazelekayo kwiithiyori ezahlukeneyo ezisetyenziselwa ilizwe langoku lombutho, kuba umzekelo, umbono "wokuphumelela" wendlela yokusombulula ungquzulwano okanye ukubaluleka kokuqondwa kunye noxabiso lokwahlukahlukana.