IMozart kunye nePortado Paradox

Le posti yebhlog yabhalwa ngokubhaliweyo nguJoachim Krueger, Tanushri Sundar, Erin Gresalfi, noAna Cohenuram.

“Akukho nto ehlabathini ekufanele ukuba uyenze okanye ekufanele ukuba uyenze ngaphandle kokuba ithetha umgudu, iintlungu, ubunzima ... Ndibamonele abantu abaninzi ababephila ubomi obunzima kwaye babakhokela kakuhle. ” -Theodore Roosevelt ("Iinjongo zaseMelika kwezemfundo," 1910)

Unxibelelwano phakathi komzamo kunye nempumelelo kugcwele kukuphikisana. "Umgudu ophazamisayo" kukungafani phakathi kokuchaphazeleka komgudu kunye nenkuthazo yomntu ngamnye yokukhetha imisebenzi enomdla (Inzlicht et al., 2018). Ngelixa iimodeli zoqoqosho lwesiko zithatha iinzame njengeendleko, umgudu ngokwawo unokongeza ixabiso kwiziphumo ezifezekisiweyo okanye ube nomvuzo ngokwendalo. Cinga, umzekelo, ukugqibela kwakho ukufunda ukonwaba okanye ukonwabele umdlalo onzima wechess. Ukonwaba okunjalo kunokubonisa ukoneliseka "kwemfuno yokuqonda," utyekelo lokuzibandakanya ekucingeni ngamandla (UCacioppo et al., 1996).

Umzamo wokuphazamiseka uqhubeka ungaphaya kwesiqu sakho. Umceli mngeni we- "Ice Bucket", umzekelo, ukhawulezise ngokukhawuleza isantya sophando lwe-amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (als.org). Abathathi-nxaxheba baphose iibhakethi zamanzi aqandayo entloko, banikela kwimibutho ye-ALS, kwaye bakhuthaza nabahlobo babo ukuba benze njalo. Esi sisiphumo sokufela ukholo kwizenzo. Okukhona sihlupheka ngenxa yesisa, kokukhona sinikela. Kwaye ngakumbi xa abanye besokola ngenxa yesisa, kokukhona sinikela (Olivola & Shafir, 2018). Olu lwandiso lomzamo wokuphazamiseka kwabanye longeza ukungafani kulwalamano lwexabiso lomzamo kwaye kuphakamisa umbuzo onomdla. Ngaba sikhetha iziphumo zabanye abantu ukuze sizuze ngokuzimisela?

Impendulo enomdla ngu "ewe." Sifuna abantu basebenzele impumelelo yabo, ke sibabambe kwimigangatho ephezulu yemigudu. Ukubulawa kuka-Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart ngembangi yakhe u-Antonio Salieri uthetha ngale nto. Nangona uMozart kusenokwenzeka ukuba wabulawa sisifo (iBorowitz, ngo-1973), umbono ka-Salieri njengombulali onomona unomdla kubaphulaphuli kangangeenkulungwane. Kwifilimu ehlonishwayo Amadeus (Ngo-1984), uSalieri ozinikeleyo ulwa nokholo lwakhe, engakwazi ukuqonda ukuba kutheni uThixo eza kuyinika ubuchule bomculo inkwenkwe engekakhuli kwaye ngamanye amaxesha ecekisekayo. Isipho sikaMozart siza ngokulula, uSalieri ukhalaza. Akakhange ayifumane. I-Salieri iyangcungcutheka ngumbuzo esinayo sonke, ngaxa lithile, sizibuze: Ukuba isipho esinje sikhona, kwakutheni ukuze ndingasinikwa?

Eli bali lomona weprodigy liyaqhubeka kuba liyavakala. Ngobuchule bemvelo, iinkqubo kunye Wunderkinder Ukuqhawula unxibelelwano phakathi komzamo kunye nokuphumelela, kwaye ezo zinto zibonakalisiweyo zokugqwesa okungasekelwanga bungqina ukusabela okunzima kwabo bangabelani ngesipho esinye.

Siphefumlelwe ngumculo kunye noMozart, sakhe iparadigm yokulinganisa amaxabiso omzamo wabanye. Senze imizamo esithoba yesiphumo somzamo ngokuwela amanqanaba amathathu obuchule (olungileyo, ogqwesileyo, udidi lwehlabathi) kwisixhobo somculo esenziwe, milano , kunye neeyure zokuziqhelanisa (iyure e-1, iiyure ezi-5, iiyure ezisi-8 ngosuku). Uyilo lubonakalisiwe kulo mzobo ungasentla. Kwisifundo 1, sibuze abaphenduli ukuba babeke ngokwabo iziphumo zomzamo, nakwisifundo 2 sibacelile ukuba babeke inqanaba lesiphumo somzamo kontanga ongahleliyo. Saxela kwangaphambili ukuba abaphenduli kwiSifundo 1 bayakukhetha iimeko zomzamo ophantsi kunye nempumelelo ephezulu ngokuhambelana nokuchasana neendleko, kwaye saxela kwangaphambili ukuba abaphenduli kwiSifundo 2 bazakubonisa umanyano olomeleleyo phakathi komzamo kunye nempumelelo, kunye neemeko "ezifunyenwe ngamandla" zezona zikhethwayo .

Iziphumo-eziboniswe kulo mzobo ungezantsi-zafunyanwa kubafundi kwikhosi yolonwabo. Kokubini ngokwakho nakwabanye, abaphenduli bakhetha ixesha lokuziqhelanisa kunye nokunyusa ukugqwesa. Ezi zinto zifunyanisiweyo ziyahambelana nefuthe eliqhelekileyo kumzamo njengotyalo-mali olunendleko. Nangona silonwabisile uluvo lokuba umzamo wokuphazamiseka uza kuvela kwiSifundo 1, saxela ngokuchanekileyo ukuba umbono we-hedonistic, okt, umzamo wokuthintela umzamo, uya kuqhubeka. Ngelixa iinzame ngokwesiko zithathwa njengesizathu sangaphakathi sempumelelo (Weiner, 1985), iparadigm yethu ithatha iinzame njengokhetho lwangaphandle. Kananjalo, ukhetho lomzamo womphenduli kusenokwenzeka ukuba lube nefuthe elibuthathaka kwiimvakalelo malunga nokuzimela, kwaye abaphenduli banokufumana isibonelelo sobuqu esilinganiselweyo ekusebenziseni umgudu ongaphezulu kunokuba kufuneka. Isifundo 1 ke ngoko siqinisekisa uluvo lokuba umgudu lixabiso kwi milano iparadigm.

Umzamo wokuphazamiseka uvela xa idatha yeSifundo 1 ithelekiswa nedatha yeSifundo 2. Siphatha imeko ye-hedonistic (iyure e-1, udidi lwehlabathi) njengothelekiso lwe-heuristic phakathi kokukhetha kunye nezinye-ngokubhekisele kukhetho. Isampuli ezimbini zeWelch t- Uvavanyo lubonise ukuba abathathi-nxaxheba abangama-222 kwiqela lokuzilinganisela ( M = 1.57, SD = 1.65) ngokuthelekiswa nabathathi-nxaxheba abangama-109 kwiqela lokulinganisa ( M = 2.45, i-SD = 2.51) yayinokhetho olomeleleyo ngokubaluleka kwesimo se-hedonistic seyure enye yokuziqhelanisa nenqanaba lehlabathi, t ( 155.294) = 3.37, iphe 0.01, d = 0.42.

Ngaphandle kokukhetha impumelelo yomzamo osezantsi kuzo zombini ezi zifundo, abaphenduli babethambekele ngakumbi ekukhetheni iindlela ezimfutshane ezinamaxabiso amancinci kunabo bafunda nabo. Idatha iphakamisa ukuba sikhona, kodwa hayi ngokugqithileyo, sistim ngesipho setalente yangoko. Sifuna umzamo wokuba sibe yindlela yokuphumelela oontanga bethu. Ngoba?

Mhlawumbi, njengoSalieri, silumkile ngetalente ebalaseleyo. Umsebenzi onzima wenza impumelelo ibonakale ifikeleleka kwaye kufanelekile. Sinokucaphuka kukuba asingabo abo banikwe ubukrelekrele obungenakuthelekiswa nanto. Ngolu luvo, idatha ibonakalisa i-egocentric bias ngokulungileyo. Okona kufanelekileyo kuthi kubaluleke ngakumbi kunoko kufanelekileyo kwabanye (UMessick & Sentis, 1978), njengoko sizithatha njengabakhethiweyo kwimigaqo elawula uluntu.

Kwaye njengoSalieri, owayengenakuyiqonda inzondelelo kaMozart, sinokuthi siqikeleleke kakubi. Sigqiba kwelokuba iindleko zibekwe kuthi (iWolfson kunye neSalancik, 1977) kwaye sizijongela phantsi iindleko ezibekwe kwabanye (Wirtz et al., 2004). Umsebenzi onzima kulula ukuwukhupha ngaphandle kokuwuthatha. Ngenye indlela, sinokuqikelela ngokuchanekileyo iindleko kodwa sishiye umsebenzi onzima ukugcina umbono wokuba sonwabile kunontanga (UKrueger, 2021).

Inkqubo ye- milano I-vignette yongeza kumzamo ophikisayo. Ekuvavanyeni impumelelo yabanye, siyayixabisa imizamo ngokuchanekileyo kuba indleko. Ukukhohlisa kokusebenza nzima, kubonakala ngathi, kunokusenza sonwabe.