I-Neuroimaging, i-Cannabis, kunye nokuSebenza kweBongo kunye nokuSebenza

"Ndicinga ukuba imbiza kufuneka ibe semthethweni. Andiyitshayi, kodwa ndiyalithanda ivumba layo." —Andy Warhol

I-Cannabis iqulethe iimolekyuli ezahlukeneyo ezibopha ii-receptors kwingqondo, ebizwa ngokufanelekileyo ngokuba yi "cannabinoid receptors." IiLigands eziqhelekileyo (ezibopha ezo receptors) zibandakanya i-THC (tetrahydrocannabinol) kunye ne-CBD (i-cannabidiol), ebopha kwii-receptors ezinje nge-CB1 kunye ne-CB2 receptors ezinemisebenzi eyahlukeneyo esezantsi kwingqondo.

I-neurotransmitter ephambili ebandakanyekayo kwimisebenzi ye-cannabinoid ye-innate (endo native) ye-cannabinoid yi "anandamide," i "fatty acid neurotransmitter" enegama elithetha "uvuyo," "ulonwabo," okanye "uyolo" kwiSanskrit nakwiilwimi zamandulo ezinxulumene noko. Inkqubo ye-neurotransmitter isandula kuphandwa ngokweenkcukacha, kwaye ibhayoloji esisiseko yenziwe kakuhle (umz., Kovacovic & Somanathan, 2014), ukuphucula ukuqonda kwezonyango, zokuzonwabisa, kunye neziphumo ezibi ze-cannabinoids ezahlukeneyo, kunye nokuvula indlela kuphuhliso lwenoveli eyenziweyo.

Ukwanda komdla kunyango kunye nokuzonwabisa ekusebenziseni i-cannabis kufuna ukuqonda okukhulu kweziphumo zentsangu kwingqondo nakwindlela yokuziphatha. Ngenxa yempikiswano kunye nepolitiki yendalo yentsangu kwintetho yoluntu, iinkolelo eziqinileyo malunga ne-cannabis zithintela amandla ethu okuba nengxoxo eqiqayo malunga neenzuzo kunye nokubi kokusetyenziswa kwe-cannabis kwaye kuthintele amanyathelo ophando. Nangona kunjalo, amazwe amaninzi avumile ukusetyenziswa kwezonyango kunye nokuzonwabisa kwamalungiselelo e-cannabis, ngelixa urhulumente we-federal ebuyela umva kwimigaqo-nkqubo ethintelayo.

Ijaji iphumile

Abameli be-Cannabis, kwelinye icala, banokupeyinta umfanekiso ocacileyo wezibonelelo zamalungiselelo e-cannabis, ukuthoba umdlalo okanye ukugxotha ulwazi olufanelekileyo malunga neengozi ze-cannabis kubantu abathile abasemngciphekweni wokuphazamiseka kwengqondo, umngcipheko wokuphazamiseka ekusebenziseni i-cannabis, kunye Iziphumo ezibi ze-cannabis kwiinkqubo ezithile zokuqonda ezihamba kunye nezinto ezinokubangela ukuba zichaphazele, kwaye zibe yingozi, kwiziphumo zokwenza izigqibo kunye nokuziphatha.

Umzekelo, ngelixa amalungiselelo e-cannabis abonakalisiwe eluncedo kulawulo lweentlungu kunye nokuphuculwa kokusebenza kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo, ukuphucula umgangatho wobomi, i-cannabis inokubangela iimpazamo ekugwebeni nasekulibazisekeni kolwazi, olunokukhokelela kungekuphela kwiingxaki ezizodwa, kodwa unokufumana indlela yobudlelwane kunye nemisebenzi yobungcali, kude kukhokelele kwingozi enokwenzeka kwabanye ngokufaka isandla kwiingozi.

I-Cannabis inxulunyaniswe ngokucacileyo nokuthintela ukuqala kunye nokwenza mandundu kwezinye izifo, ngakumbi imeko zengqondo. Ngaphezu koko, kukho umdla okhulayo ekuqondeni amandla onyango kunye nezifo ezinokubakho kweekhompawundi ezahlukeneyo eziqulethwe kumalungiselelo e-cannabis, ngakumbi i-THC kunye ne-CBD-nangona ukubaluleka kwamanye amacandelo kuya kuqatshelwa ngakumbi. Umzekelo, uphononongo lwakutsha nje kwi IAmerican Journal of Psychiatry icebisa ngamandla ukuba i-CBD, iluncedo ekunyangeni ukuxhuzula okunganyangekiyo (umzekelo, iRosenberg et al., 2015), inokuba luncedo olukhulu njengearhente yokwengeza yabathile abane-schizophrenia (McGuire at al ., 2017).

Umfanekiso awuyiyo-okanye, nangona kunjalo. Ukuqonda okunzulu malunga nendlela i-cannabis echaphazela ngayo imimandla eyahlukeneyo yobuchopho (phantsi kweemeko ezahlukeneyo, umz. kunye nokubonelela ngeziphumo eziqinisekileyo nezithembekileyo zesayensi ukuvula indlela yophando lwexesha elizayo. Ukuqonda okusisiseko kuyasilela, kwaye ngelixa kukho umzimba okhulayo wophando ujonge imiba eyahlukeneyo yeziphumo ze-cannabis, njengoko kuhlala kunjalo ngomzimba wophando oguqukayo kwangethuba, indlela yokusebenza yahlukile kwizifundo ezininzi ezincinci, ngaphandle kwesakhelo esicacileyo khuthaza iindlela ezihambelanayo zophando.

Umbuzo omnye wokubaluleka okucacileyo ngulo: Zithini iziphumo zentsangu kwiindawo eziphambili zomsebenzi wobuchopho? Ukusebenza kunye nokunxibelelana kutshintsho njani kwimimandla ephambili ye-anatomic ("iihabhu," kwithiyori yenethiwekhi) isasazeka kuthungelwano lobuchopho oluphakathi? Isebenzisa njani i-cannabis, ukuya kuthi ga kwinqanaba lokuba siziqonde iziphumo zayo, ukudlala ngaphakathi kwimisebenzi ethile esetyenziselwa ukufundisisa ukuqonda? Ngokubanzi, yintoni ifuthe le-cannabis kuthungelwano lobuchopho, kubandakanya imo engagqibekanga, ulawulo oluphezulu, kunye nenethiwekhi ye-salience (iinethiwekhi ezintathu eziphambili kwindawo edityanisiweyo "yeklabhu esisityebi" yenethiwekhi yengqondo)?

Le mibuzo kunye neminye enxulumene nayo ibaluleke ngakumbi njengoko sisiya siqonda ngcono ukuba isithuba sengqondo / sobuchopho sinokudityaniswa njani yinkqubela phambili yokwenza imephu yokunxibelelana komntu. Ukulindela kukuba ukunyuka okanye ukuncipha komsebenzi kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zobuchopho kubasebenzisi (xa kuthelekiswa nabangengabo abasebenzisi) kuya kulungelelaniswa notshintsho olubanzi kunxibelelwano lwengqondo olusebenzayo, olubonakaliswa ziipatheni zomsebenzi owahlukileyo kwiqela elikhulu lezixhobo ezisetyenziswa rhoqo zophando lwengqondo. ezithatha iinkalo ezahlukeneyo zomsebenzi wengqondo kunye nokuziphatha komntu.

Isifundo esikhoyo

Ngale ngqwalaselo iphambili engqondweni, iqela labaphandi (Yanes et al., 2018) isetelwe ukuqokelela kwaye iphonononge lonke uncwadi olufanelekileyo lwe-neuroimaging ejonge kwiziphumo zentsangu kwingqondo nakwindlela yokuziphatha nakwisayikholoji.

Kufanelekile ukuba uphonononge indlela ye-meta-analytic esetyenziswe ngokufutshane kwaye uxoxe ukuba zeziphi iintlobo zezifundo ezibandakanyiweyo nezingafakwanga, ukulungiselela imeko kunye nokutolika iziphumo ezibalulekileyo. Bakhangela kuncwadi kubandakanya nezifundo kusetyenziswa i-fMRI (imaging resonance imaging) kunye nePET scans (positron emission tomography), izixhobo eziqhelekileyo zokulinganisa izikhombisi zomsebenzi wobuchopho, kwaye baqhuba iimvavanyo ezimbini zokuqala ukulungiselela idatha.

Kuqala, bahlule izifundo kwizifundo apho imisebenzi kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zobuchopho inokunyuswa okanye yehliswe kubasebenzisi xa kuthelekiswa nabangengabo abasebenzisi kwaye ihambelane neendawo zeatomic kunye nothungelwano lobuchopho olusebenzayo eziyinxalenye yazo. Kwinqanaba lesibini lokucokiswa, basebenzise "ukusebenza kweekhowudi" ukuchonga nokuhlela amaqela ahlukeneyo emisebenzi yengqondo elinganiswa kuluncwadi esele lukhona.

Umzekelo, uphononongo lujonga iseti enkulu kodwa eyahlukileyo yemisebenzi yengqondo ukubona ukuba, ukuba kunjalo, i-cannabis iyitshintsha njani indlela yokusebenza kwengqondo kunye neemvakalelo. Imisebenzi efanelekileyo ibandakanya ukwenziwa kwezigqibo, ukufunyanwa kwempazamo, ulawulo lwempixano, ifuthe kummiselo, umvuzo kunye nemisebenzi yenkuthazo, ulawulo lwempembelelo, imisebenzi yolawulo, kunye nenkumbulo, ukubonelela ngoluhlu olungaphelelanga. Kungenxa yokuba izifundo ezahlukeneyo zisebenzise uvavanyo olwahlukileyo phantsi kweemeko ezahlukeneyo, ukuphuhlisa indlela yokuhlaziya edibeneyo iyimfuneko ukwenza uphononongo olubanzi kunye nohlalutyo.

Ukukhangela iziseko zedatha ezininzi, bakhethe izifundo ezinomfanekiso ngokuthelekisa abasebenzisi kunye nabangengabo abasebenzisi, kunye nedatha ekhoyo ngohlobo lweemodeli ezisemgangathweni ezifanelekileyo kuhlalutyo oluhlanganisiweyo, kwaye kubandakanya uvavanyo lwengqondo lokuqonda, ukuhamba, imvakalelo, ukucinga, kunye nokuqhutywa kolwazi lwentlalo, kwindibaniselwano eyahlukeneyo. Babakhuphele ngaphandle abo baneemeko zempilo yengqondo, kunye nezifundo ezijonga iziphumo ezikhawulezayo zokusetyenziswa kwe-cannabis. Bahlalutye le datha ikhethiweyo.

Ukujonga ukuhlangana kweziphumo ezifunyenweyo ze-neuroimaging kwizifundo zonke kusetyenziswa i-ALE (uqikelelo lobungakanani bovuselelo, oluguqula idatha kwimodeli esemgangathweni yeemephu zengqondo), bachonga ukuba yeyiphi imimandla ebisebenza ngakumbi nangaphantsi. Sebenzisa i-MACM (iMeta-Uhlalutyo lweModeli yokuNxibelelana, esebenzisa isiseko sedatha seBrainMap ukwenza iipateni zengqondo esebenzayo), bachonge amaqela emimandla yobuchopho esebenze kunye.

Basigqibile isigaba sokusebenza sokumisela ngokujonga phambili kunye nokuguqula iipateni zokuthambeka ukuze unxibelelanise ngokubonakalayo ukusebenza kwengqondo nokusebenza kwengqondo, kunye nokusebenza kwengqondo nokusebenza kwengqondo, ukuqonda ukuba iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zengqondo zihambelana njani nemisebenzi kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo yobuchopho.

Nasi isishwankathelo semephu yohlalutyo ngokubanzi "lombhobho":

Iziphumo

I-Yanes, iRiedel, iRay, iKirkland, intaka, iBoeving, iReid, iGonazlez, iRobinson, iLaird, kunye neSutherland (2018) ihlalutye izifundo ezingama-35. Konke kuxeliwe, bekukho iimeko ezinga-88 ezisekwe kwimisebenzi, enezinto ezingama-202 ezinxulumene nokuncipha kokuqalisa phakathi kwabasebenzisi be-cannabis abangama-472 kunye nabangama-466 abangasebenzisi, kunye nezinto ezili-161 ngokubhekisele kukwanda kokusebenza phakathi kwabasebenzisi abangama-482 kunye nabangama-434 abangasebenzisi. Kwakukho imimandla emithathu ephambili yeziphumo:

Kwakukho iindawo ezininzi ezingaguquguqukiyo ("eziguqukayo") zotshintsho eziqwalaselweyo phakathi kwabasebenzisi kunye nabangengabo abasebenzisi, ngokubhekisele ekusebenzeni nasekusebenziseni ukungasebenzi. Ukuncipha kwaqwalaselwa kumacala omabini (omabini amacala obuchopho) ii-ACCs (i-anterior cingate cortex) kunye ne-DLPFC yasekunene (dorsolateral preortal cortex). Ngokwahlukileyo, kuye kwakho ukonyuka kokusebenza ngokuqhubekayo kuqatshelwe kwi-striatum elungileyo (kunye nokwanda ukuya kwindawo efanelekileyo). Kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba ezi zinto zifunyanisiweyo zahlukile enye kwenye, kwaye oku kungabikho kokuthetha kuthetha ukuba zimele iziphumo ezahlukileyo zentsangu kwiinkqubo ezahlukeneyo.

Uhlalutyo lwe-MACM lubonise ukuba kukho amaqela amathathu emimandla yengqondo esebenzayo:

• Iqela le-1-I-ACC ibandakanya iipateni zengqondo esebenzayo epheleleyo, kubandakanya unxibelelwano kunye ne-insular kunye ne-caudate cortex, medial frontal cortex, precuneus, fusiform gyrus, culmen, thalamus, kunye ne-cingate cortex. I-ACC iphambili ekuthathweni kwezigqibo nasekuqhubekeni kwengxabano kwaye iyabandakanyeka ekuphononongeni nasekuzibopheleleni kwinto enikiweyo (umzekelo, UKolling et al., 2016), kwaye ezi ndawo zinxulumene nazo zigubungela uluhlu olubanzi lwemisebenzi enxulumene ne-ACC. I-insula iyabandakanyeka ekuziboneni, umzekelo obonakalayo njengamava e-visceral okuzicekisa.
• ICluster 2-I-DLPFC ibandakanya ukusebenzisana ngokubambiseneyo nemimandla yeparietal, orbitofrontal cortex, occipital cortex, kunye ne-fusiform gyrus. Njengoko i-DLPFC ibandakanyeka kwimisebenzi ebalulekileyo yolawulo, kubandakanya ukulawula iimvakalelo, amava emood, kunye nokukhokelwa kwezixhobo zononophelo (umzekelo, iMondino al., 2015) kunye nemiba yokulungiswa kolwimi, kunye nemimandla enxulumene nayo ijongana nemisebenzi ephambili, kubandakanya ukuqhubekeka kolwazi lwentlalo, ulawulo lwempembelelo, kunye nokunye okunxulumene noko.
• ICluster 3-Striatum ibandakanya ukubandakanyeka kwengqondo iphela, ngakumbi i-insular cortex, i-cortex yangaphambili, i-parietal lobule ephezulu, i-fusiform gyrus, kunye ne-culmen. I-striatum iyabandakanyeka kumvuzo-oko kubizwa ngokuba yi-"dopamine hit" ekubhekiswa kuyo rhoqo-ethi xa ilawulwa ngokufanelekileyo isivumele ukuba siphumelele ngokugqibeleleyo, kodwa kwimeko yokungasebenzi kakuhle kukhokelela ekusebenzeni, kwaye kugqithisile kunegalelo ekuziphatheni okuluthayo nokunyanzelekileyo . Ubungqina obuqwalaselwe kwiphepha lasekuqaleni bacebisa ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwe-cannabis kunokubangela umvuzo ojikelezayo wokufumana iziyobisi, kunye nokukhuthazeka okungathandekiyo kwimisebenzi yesiqhelo.

Ngelixa la maqela asebenza ngokwahlukileyo ngokubhekisele kwindlela achaphazeleka ngayo yi-cannabis, ahamba ngendlela engathethekiyo kunye nendawo, egxininisa ukubaluleka kokujongwa komsebenzi wobuchopho ukusuka kwindawo yokunxibelelana, yenethiwekhi yokujonga uguquko lwezinto ezifunyenweyo ezifunyenwe kwingqondo. Ingqondo isebenza, kwaye idlala njani le nto ebantwini kubomi bemihla ngemihla.

Ukuchongwa kokusebenza kwamaqela amathathu kubonise iipatheni zendlela iqoqo ngalinye elinxibelelana ngayo neqela leemvavanyo zengqondo: umzekelo, uvavanyo lweStroop, ukuya / ukungahambi olubandakanya izigqibo ezikhawulezayo, imisebenzi yokujonga iintlungu, kunye nemisebenzi yokuvavanya umvuzo, ukuya Chaza ezimbalwa. Andizukuzijonga zonke, kodwa iziphumo zifanelekile, kwaye ezinye zazo zigqamile (jonga ngezantsi).

Olu shwankathelo lobudlelwane bomsebenzi olisebenzisanayo luluncedo. Eyona nto ibalulekileyo bubukho bemeko yomsebenzi wokuya / ukungahambi kuyo yomithathu le misebenzi:

Ukuqwalaselwa ngakumbi

Zidibene kunye, iziphumo zolu hlalutyo lweemeta zinzulu kwaye zifezekisa iinjongo zokugxila ekufumaneni nasekukhupheni iziphumo kwizincwadi zonke ezifanelekileyo eziphanda ngeziphumo zokusetyenziswa kwe-cannabis ekusebenzeni kwengqondo kubantu ngaphandle kokugula ngengqondo, ukujonga ukwanda kunye nokuncipha kwemisebenzi Imimandla yobuchopho, ukuhanjiswa kwamaqoqo okubaluleka okungafaniyo, kunye nefuthe kwimisebenzi ephambili yokusebenza kwengqondo nokusebenza.

Umsebenzi we-Cannabis wehlisa umsebenzi kuwo omabini amaqela e-ACC kunye ne-DLPFC, nakubantu abasebenza ngengqondo yesiqhelo, oku kungakhokelela kwiingxaki ekusebenzeni kolawulo nakwisigqibo. I-Cannabis inokubangela ukungachaneki ekujongeni iimpazamo, okukhokelela ekuqondeni gwenxa nakwimicimbi yokusebenza ngenxa yeempazamo, kwaye inokuthintela ukusebenza ngexesha lempikiswano ephezulu, kuzo zombini iimpazamo ekugwebeni kunye nasekutshintsheni izigqibo kunye nokwenza okulandelayo. Ukuncipha komsebenzi we-DLPFC kunokukhokelela kwiingxaki zolawulo lweemvakalelo, kunye nokuncipha kwenkumbulo kunye nokunciphisa ukulawulwa kwengqwalaselo.

Kubantu abanezifo zengqondo kunye nezonyango, iimpembelelo ezifanayo zobuchopho zinokuba zonyango, umzekelo ukunciphisa umthwalo weentlungu ngokunciphisa umsebenzi we-ACC, ukunciphisa iinkumbulo ezibi kunye nokucinezela amaphupha amabi emva kokubandezeleka, ukunyanga uxinzelelo ngeziphumo ebezingalindelekanga ezimbalwa, okanye ukunciphisa iimpawu zengqondo (McGuire, 2017) ngokuthintela umsebenzi kwiindawo ezibandakanya ubuchopho.

Kodwa ii-cannabinoids nazo zinokubangela isifo sengqondo, ukuthintela uxinzelelo okanye isifo sengqondo, kunye nezinye iimeko, kubantu abasesichengeni. Ukusetyenziswa kwe-Cannabis kukwabangela iingxaki kwingqondo ekhulayo, ekhokelela kwiziphumo ezingathandekiyo zexesha elide (umz., UJacobus noTappert, 2014), njengokunciphisa ukusebenza kwe-neurocognitive kunye notshintsho kulwakhiwo kwingqondo.

I-Cannabis yaboniswa, ngokuchaseneyo, ukwandisa umsebenzi kwi-striatum kunye neendawo ezinxulumene nazo ngokubanzi. Kubantu abanemisebenzi yesiqhelo esisiseko, oku kungakhokelela ekuvuseleleni imijikelezo yomvuzo, kwaye njengoko kuye kwabonwa kwizifundo ezininzi, kunokunyusa umngcipheko wokuziphatha gwenxa kunye nokuziphatha okunyanzelekileyo, okuchaphazela ezinye iindlela zezifo. Oku kukhulisa umsebenzi womvuzo (kudityaniswa neziphumo kumacandelo amabini okuqala) kunokuba negalelo "ekuphakameni" kokunxila kwentsangu, ukuphucula ukonwaba kunye nomsebenzi wokuyila, usenza yonke into ibe namandla ngakumbi kwaye ibandakanye, okwethutyana.

Ababhali baqaphela ukuba omathathu la maqela abandakanyeka emsebenzini wokuhamba / ukungahambi, imeko yovavanyo efuna ukuthintelwa okanye ukusebenza kwentshukumo yemoto. Baqaphela:

"Apha, inyani yokuba ukuphazamiseka okuthe ngqo kummandla kunxulunyaniswa nohlelo olufanayo kunokubonisa isiphumo esimalunga ne-cannabis esibonisiweyo kwizifundo. Ngamanye amagama, amandla anciphisiweyo okuthintela isimilo esiyingxaki kunokunxulunyaniswa nokwehliswa okufanayo umsebenzi ophambili (i-ACC kunye ne-DL-PFC) kunye nokuphakanyiswa kwemisebenzi yestriatal. "

Kwabanye abaguli, i-cannabis ixela ukuba iyazinciphisa iimpawu zoxinzelelo, ezibonakaliswa ngamava aphambili okuphulukana nokonwaba, imeko ezigwenxa ngokweemvakalelo, kunye nokunqongophala kwenkuthazo, phakathi kwezinye iimpawu, kodwa abasebenzisi abanobunzima basemngciphekweni wokonyuka koxinzelelo (UManrique-Garcia okqhubekayo ., 2012).

Nangona kunjalo, ukongeza ekubalulekeni kokulutha ezinye iikhemikhali kunye nokwandisa amava kwabo bakonwabelayo ukunxila yintsangu (abanye bakufumanisa ukuba kuvelisa idysphoria, ixhala, ukudideka okungathandekiyo, okanye paranoia), abasebenzisi banokufumanisa ukuba xa kungekho ukusetyenziswa kwe-cannabis , abanamdla kangako kwimisebenzi yesiqhelo xa bengekho phezulu, okukhokelela ekwehliseni ukonwaba kunye nenkuthazo.

Ezi ziphumo zahlukile ngokuxhomekeke kwizinto ezininzi ezinxulumene nokusetyenziswa kwe-cannabis, njengamaxesha kunye nokusetyenziswa gwenxa, kunye nohlobo lwe-cannabis kunye ne-chemistry ehambelana nayo, enikwa umahluko phakathi kweentlobo ezahlukeneyo kunye nobunzima. Ngelixa olu phononongo lungakwazanga ukwahlula phakathi kweziphumo ze-THC kunye ne-CBD, njengoko idatha ibingafumaneki koxinzelelo okanye umlinganiso wezinto ezimbini eziphambili kwi-cannabis, kunokwenzeka ukuba baneziphumo ezahlukeneyo ekusebenzeni kwengqondo ezifuna ukuqhubeka kophando ukulungisa Unyango olunokubakho kwiziphumo zokuzihlaziya kunye nezifo.

Olu phononongo luphononongo olusisiseko, lokubeka inqanaba lophando oluqhubekayo kwiziphumo ze-cannabinoids ezahlukeneyo kwingqondo kwezempilo kunye nokugula, kunye nokubonelela ngedatha ebalulekileyo yokuqonda unyango kunye neziphumo ezonakalisayo ze-cannabinoids ezahlukeneyo. Indlela ebukekayo kunye neyobuhlungu kolu phononongo ikhanyisa ukukhanya kwendlela i-cannabis eyichaphazela ngayo ingqondo, ibonelela ngedatha ebalulekileyo malunga neziphumo zizonke kuthungelwano lobuchopho nakwindlela yokusebenza kwengqondo kunye neemvakalelo.

Imibuzo enomdla ibandakanya imephu eyongezelelweyo yothungelwano lobuchopho kunye nokunxibelelanisa oku kufunyanisiweyo kunye neemodeli ezikhoyo zengqondo, ukujonga isiphumo seentlobo ezahlukeneyo ze-cannabis kunye neepatheni zokusetyenziswa, nokuphanda isiphumo se-cannabinoids (ezenzeka ngokwendalo, ezenzeka ngokwendalo, kunye nokwenziwa ) ngeenjongo zonyango kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo zeklinikhi, ukusetyenziswa kokuzonwabisa, kunye nokuphucula ukusebenza.

Okokugqibela, ngokubonelela ngesakhelo esihambelanayo sokuqonda uncwadi esele lukhona olubandakanya iziphumo ezilungileyo nezingalunganga ze-cannabis kwingqondo, eli phepha lizisa ngophando lwe-cannabis ngokuthe gabalala kuluhlu lwesifundo senzululwazi, ukubonelela ngeqonga elingathathi hlangothi, elinamabala okuvumela ingxoxo-mpikiswano. kwi-cannabis ukuba iguquke kwiindlela ezakhayo ngakumbi kunangaphambili.

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