Uhlanga eMelika: Isandla esingabonakaliyo seNgqondo engaBonakaliyo

Ngaphezulu kwenkulungwane esele igqityiwe, izigwebo malunga nodumo kunye nefuthe lobuhlanga kuluntu lwaseMelika kuya kufuneka zithathele ingqalelo uthotho lweziganeko ezibalulekileyo zakutshanje. Imvukelo zentlalo eFerguson naseBaltimore, ukubulawa kwabantu ngenzondelelo eCharleston, kunye noluhlu oluqhubekayo lwamadoda amnyama, abafazi nabantwana abangaxhobanga ngamapolisa baya kuqhubeka nokubaluleka. Inyani eyothusayo yeyokuba ezi ziganeko zenzekile ngelixa abahlali beNdlu eNtshonalanga babeyintsapho yase-Afrika yaseMelika. Ngesinye isikhathi, ukubonakaliswa okungathandabuzekiyo kobuhlanga kunye nokuchasana ngokobuhlanga kwakuxhaphakile kuluntu lonke lwaseMelika, kodwa okoko i-vitriol yobuhlanga ye-Era iye yabuna.

Namhlanje kuphela liqaqobana lamaMelika axhasa nayiphi na indlela yokuchasana nomnyama. Ukuba ubuhlanga obudala-dala ngokucacileyo abungonobangela ofanelekileyo, kutheni le nto iziphumo zabantsundu zisiya zisiba mbi ngakumbi kunalezo zabamhlophe kwimilinganiselo emininzi ebalulekileyo yobomi? Kwaye kutheni imeko yangoku yobudlelwane bobuhlanga-obubonakaliswa ngamapolisa, ukuvalelwa, kunye nentswela-ngqesho-kujongwa ngokwahlukileyo kangaka ngabantu abamnyama baseMelika nabamhlophe baseMelika?

Ndiyakholelwa ukuba ezinye zeempendulo ezibalulekileyo kule mibuzo zingafunyanwa kukungakhathali esingakwaziyo ukuthwala uninzi lwethu ngokungazi. Kwincwadi yabo entsha, I-Blindspot: Izinto ezifihlakeleyo zokuLungisa abantu abaLungileyo , Ugqirha Anthony Greenwald, uprofesa wesayensi yezentlalo kwiYunivesithi yaseWashington kunye noGqirha Mahzarin Banaji, ugqirha wezengqondo kwiYunivesithi yaseYale, babelana ngeziphumo zeminyaka engama-30 yophando lwengqondo ukubonelela ukuqonda okunzulu kwezikhewu zethu zangoku zobuhlanga.

Ngokophando lwabo, kungenjalo "abalungileyo" abantu abangaze bazithathele ubuhlanga, isini, i-agist, njl. Olu khetho luvela kwinxalenye yengqondo esebenza ngokuzenzekelayo nangokufanelekileyo, kwaye yenza umsebenzi wayo ngaphandle kokwazi kwethu. Ukuba sibuzwa ukuba sizigcinile na ezi nkolelo okanye izimo zengqondo, besisoloko sizikhanyela, kodwa nangona kunjalo zinefuthe elinamandla nelisasazekayo kwizigqibo nakwindlela esiziphatha ngayo.

Ndibe nengxoxo enzulu noGqirha Greenwald malunga nokuqonda okumangalisa rhoqo okuvela Blindspot .

JR: Yintoni eyakhuthaza ukuba ubhale Blindspot?

AG: Phakathi kwiminyaka yoo-1990, umbhali-mbhali wam uMahzarin Banaji, uBrian Nosek (omnye umphandi osuka kwiDyunivesithi yaseVirginia), ndaze ndenza uvavanyo lwe-Implicit Association Test (IAT) ukuvavanya ukungakhathali kwabantu nokungazi. IAT ivelise iziphumo ezomeleleyo kwaye zinomdla kakhulu. Uninzi lwabantu lwalunomdla wokuba sive ukuba kufuneka sivelise into efundisayo, efundekayo, kwaye iya kubonisa ezinye zeziphumo zolu hlobo lophando.

JR: IAT ayisiyo enye ipensile kunye nephepha lemibuzo. Ngaba ungachaza ukuba loluphi uhlobo lovavanyo kwaye lukwazi njani ukulinganisa ucalucalulo umntu angakwaziyo ukuba nalo?

AG: Ewe, kodwa eyona ndlela ikhawulezayo yokufunda malunga nendlela esebenza ngayo i-IAT ukwenza olunye uvavanyo. Uvavanyo lomdyarho lukwiwebhusayithi engacacanga yeProjekthi kwaye ithatha kuphela imizuzu embalwa. Kukwakho nemizekelo eprintiweyo ye-IAT kwi Blindspot ukuba ungathatha kwaye ufumane amanqaku.

Ngamafutshane, i-IAT ngumsebenzi onamacandelo amabini obandakanya ukuphendula kuthotho lwamagama kunye nobuso obuvela kwiscreen sekhompyuter. Amagama ayathandeka okanye awathandeki kwaye ubuso bubuso babantu abamnyama okanye abamhlophe. Kwinxalenye yokuqala ye-IAT ucelwa ukuba wenze impendulo efanayo (tyhala isitshixo esinye) xa ubuso obumhlophe okanye igama elimnandi livela kwiscreen kwaye ucofe iqhosha elahlukileyo ukuba kuvela ubuso obumnyama okanye igama elibi. Uzama ukwenza oku ngokukhawuleza okukhulu ngaphandle kokwenza iimpazamo. Kwinxalenye yesibini, unemiyalelo emitsha. Ngoku ubuso obumhlophe kunye namagama angathandekiyo aqhotyoshelwe kunye, kwaye uphendula ubuso obumnyama kunye namagama amnandi usebenzisa isitshixo esahlukileyo. Umahluko phakathi kwexesha elithathwayo ukwenza ezi zilingo zimbini ngumlinganiso wokhetho. Ukuba, njengabantu abaninzi, uyakhawuleza xa ubuso obumhlophe kunye namagama amnandi edityaniswa kunye kunokuba ubuso obumnyama bufakwe amagama amnandi, unokukhetha ngokuzenzekelayo ukujonga ubuso babamhlophe, kunye nabantu abamhlophe, ngakumbi kunabantu abamnyama.

Xa ndawenzayo ndawuzama lo msebenzi malunga no-1995, ndandimangalisiwe ukuba ndikhawuleze kangakanani kwelinye kunakwelinye.

JR: Le ngenye yezo zihlandlo zenzululwazi xa inzululwazi izama ukuzenzela yona.

AG: Ndifumanise ukuba ndinokubeka ubuso obumhlophe kunye namagama amnandi ngokukhawuleza kunokuba ndingabeka ubuso obumnyama kunye namagama amnandi ngokudibeneyo. Ndazixelela ukuba le yinto nje yokwenza. Kodwa umahluko wexesha awutshintshanga kukuziqhelanisa ngakumbi. Ndithathe uvavanyo ngokoqobo izihlandlo ezilikhulu kule minyaka ingama-20 idlulileyo kwaye amanqaku am awatshintshanga kakhulu. Ndacinga ukuba le inomdla ngenene, kuba iziphumo zam zovavanyo zazindixelela ukuba kukho into engqondweni yam endingayaziyo nokuba ibikhona ngaphambili.

JR: Yeyiphi eyona nto ibothusayo abafundi malunga nento esencwadini?

AG: Eyona nto ibingumceli mngeni omkhulu kubafundi nakwabanye abaye bathatha i-IAT, kukuxhaphaka kwezinto ezithandwayo ezivezwe kuphando esilwenzayo. Xa ndisithi kugcwele, andithethi nje ngenani labantu ababambe la macala. Kukho uluhlu olubanzi kakhulu lweendlela ezifihlakeleyo zokuziphatha, njengokuthanda abamhlophe ngaphezulu kwabantsundu, abancinci kunabadala, amaMelika ngaphezulu kwama-Asiya, nokunye okuninzi. Ukuphela kwedatha kuyamangalisa. Umzekelo, uVavanyo lweMbutho oluNgacacanga lubonisa ukuba ama-70% abantu bakhetha abantu abancinci kunabantu abadala, kwaye le minyaka ingathandabuzekiyo ibanjwe ngokuqinileyo kubantu abaneminyaka engama-70 okanye engama-80 ubudala njengoko injalo kubantu abakwiminyaka yama-20 nama-30.

JR: Kwiincoko zethu zamva nje, ubhekisele kwisayikholojikholo efumana i-Implicit Revolution. Ungasixelela ngolu phuhliso?

AG: Ewe kwaye olu tshintsho luyinxalenye yoxanduva lwemvelaphi yoVavanyo lweMibutho engaManyelwanga, eyindlela yangaphambili yoVavanyo lweZimo zethu eziPheleleyo. Kwaqala kwii-1980s zokuqala xa iingqondo zengqondo zazifunda imemori, kwaye zafumanisa iindlela ezintsha (okanye zavuselela ezinye iindlela ezindala) ukubonisa ukuba abantu bayazikhumbula izinto abangazaziyo ukuba bazikhumbule. Oku kwathatha uhlobo lokwenza "imisebenzi yokugweba" ebonisa ukuba bathathe into kumava, kodwa abakhumbuli amava ngokwawo. Olu hlobo lwenkumbulo lwalubizwa ngokuba yimemori engacacanga, igama elalisaziwa ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yoo-1980 nguDan Schacter ongunjingalwazi eHarvard.

Mna noMahzarin sasiqala ukuba nomdla kolu phando kwaye sasicinga ukuba kufanelekile ukusisebenzisa kwizengqondo zengqondo. Ke saqala ukuphuhlisa indlela yokulinganisa ukungangqinelani kwesimo sengqondo kunye neenkolelo. Sichithe iminyaka eliqela sizama ukufumana indlela eza kusebenza nezifundo zabantu, ngelo xesha ezazizezona zifundo zisekholeji zisuka kwiYunivesithi yaseOhio State, iYunivesithi yaseWashington, iYale neHarvard. Siphumelele kwaye sabona ukuba ukuqonda imeko engacacanga yeengqondo zethu kunokuba namandla amakhulu.

Olu phando lucacisiweyo lube yimpumelelo, enyanisweni, olukhokelele kutshintsho lweparadigm kwizengqondo. Kwaye kusaqokelela amandla kwiminyaka engama-25 emva kokuba iqale kwicandelo lememori. Malunga neminyaka emi-5 eyadlulayo, ndaye ndagqiba kwelokuba sidinga igama lokutshintsha kweparadigm, ke ndiye ndaqala ukuyibiza ngokuba yi-Implicit Revolution. Eli ayililo igama lokubamba oza kulifumana kuyo yonke indawo. Ngapha koko, andikhange ndipapashe kwanto ndizama ukuyibhengeza njengelebheli yento eyenzekayo ngoku kwaye ibingafakwanga Blindspot . Kodwa ndicinga ukuba yinto yokwenene.

JR: Uthetha ukuthini "ngokungagunyaziswanga"?

AG: Ingqondo yenza izinto ngokuzenzekelayo ezondla kwiingcamango zethu kwaye zibonelela ngesiseko sokugweba. Isiphumo kukuba senza izigqibo zokuqonda ezikhokelwa zizinto ezingaphandle kolwazi lwethu. Sifumana kuphela iimveliso zokugqibela, kwaye asiwuqapheli umgama apho ezo mveliso ziguqulwe ngamava ethu adlulileyo. Kulapho ke loo macalucalulo kunye neengcinga ezikhohlakeleyo zingena khona.

JR: Ndikuvile oku kubhekiswa kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo okuqonda ukuba loluphi ulwimi onokulusebenzisa ukuyichaza?

AG: Ewe la manqanaba achazwe ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, kodwa okubalulekileyo yile yokuba kukho amanqanaba. Kukho inqanaba elicothayo, elisebenza ngokuzenzekelayo elingaphandle kolwazi, kunye nenqanaba eliphezulu lokuqwalaselwa elinokusebenza ngabom nangokwengqiqo ngenjongo yokuqonda. Lowo ngumahluko ochaza ngenene uQinisekiso oluPheleleyo. Siphakamisa eli nqanaba lisezantsi-inqanaba elichaziweyo, inqanaba lokuzenzekelayo, inqanaba lokuqonda-ukuya kwimbalasane ehambelana nokubaluleka komsebenzi owenzayo.

JR: Ke ukuba ndikuqonda ngokuchanekileyo, xa sibona izinto, ezo ngcinga kunye nembono ziyinyani-yokuphela kweenkqubo zokungazi? Asiyazi ngokwenene "i-sausage-making" eya ekudaleni le mveliso yokuphela kwengcamango nokuqonda?

AG: Esi sisikweko esihle. Omnye umzekelo endithanda ukuwusebenzisa ukucacisa lo mahluko ngulo lophendlo lukaGoogle. Xa ujonga into kuGoogle, iintengiso ziluhlobo nje lwe-pop-up kwikhompyuter yakho enxulumene noko ubukufuna. Ngalo lonke ixesha singena umbuzo kwi-injini yokukhangela kukho iinkqubo ezikhawulezayo kwaye ezingabonakaliyo esingakhange sikwazi nokulandela. Konke esikubonayo kukuphela kwemveliso ebonisa kwiscreen. Umahluko phakathi kwenqanaba elingasemva kwescreen esisebenza ngokukhawuleza kwaye yintoni esiyibonayo kwiscreen, esinokufunda nokutolika kwaye siyisebenzise, ​​iyahambelana nala manqanaba mabini ebethetha ngawo ngoku kwizengqondo.

I-JR: I-Stereotype ligama eliphambili emsebenzini wakho. Siyisebenzisa kakhulu, kodwa andiqinisekanga ukuba sihlala sinombono ocacileyo wokuba kuthetha ntoni. Usebenzisa njani igama elithi stereotype emsebenzini wakho?

AG: Igama elithi stereotype lavela njengegama lengqondo kwimibhalo yentatheli uWalter Lippmann. Kwavela kwigama lomshicileli elibhekisa kwibhloko yentsimbi kunye nephepha lohlobo olubhalwe kuyo elinokusetyenziselwa ukukhuphela iikopi ezininzi ezilandelelanayo, nganye iyafana kwenye. UWalter Lippmann wasebenzisa istereotype ukubhekisa kwingqondo yokuphelisa umfanekiso wentlalontle kuye wonke umntu okwinqanaba elithile, njengobudala, ubuhlanga, isini, okanye abanye ngoku esinamathisela igama elithi stereotype. Xa kusetyenziswa stereotype ukuqonda abantu, wonke umntu kudidi lwentlalo ubonwa njengokwabelana ngeepropathi ezifanayo. Ukuya kuthi ga kwinqanaba apho sibona bonke abantu basetyhini, bonke abantu abadala, bonke abantu abakhubazekileyo, onke amaTaliyane enezinto ekwabelwana ngazo sisebenzisa lo mngundo ufanayo uLippmann wayechaza njengalowo ukwinkqubo yokushicilela. I-Stereotypes zitshabalalisa ngokufanelekileyo umahluko phakathi kwabantu abakudidi ngalunye, kwaye endaweni yoko zijolise kuphela kwiimpawu abazabelana ngazo.

JR: Ndikhe ndeva iingcinga ezibonisa ukuba ngathi ziyindlela yokucinga ngobuvila. Ucinga ntoni ngesiteyitimenti seminyaka ubudala sokuba iingcinga ezikhohlakeleyo zine-kernel yenyani?

AG: Ndicinga ukuba bahlala benza. Ndine stereotype yokuba abaqhubi baseBoston baphume kolawulo. Ngelixa ndicinga ukuba kukho i-kernel yokwenyani kuyo, andifuni ukucinga ukuba bonke abaqhubi beBoston ngabantu basendle kwaye kuya kufuneka uzame ukuphuma endleleni kweso sixeko I-kernel yenyaniso ihlala ingumahluko ophakathi kweqela elinye kunye nelinye iqela. Umzekelo, kukho inyani ngokucacileyo kwimbonakalo yesini yokuba amadoda mde xa kuthelekiswa nabasetyhini. Kodwa oko akuthethi ukuba yonke indoda inde kunabo bonke abafazi. Ingxaki yeenkolelo ezibaxekileyo kuxa siwahoya umohluko phakathi kwabantu abakudidi olo. Ewe ewe, kukho i-kernel yenyani kwiingcinga ezizezinye, kodwa siphulukana nenyaniso xa sizivumela ukuba zilawule iimbono zethu ukuya kuthi ga kwinqanaba lokuba singaboni umohluko phakathi kwabantu.

Ndimele nditsho enye into malunga nembono yokuba iingcinga ezizezinye zobuvila bengqondo. Ichanekile ngokupheleleyo. Xa sisebenzisa uhlobo oluthile, yingqondo yethu esebenza ngokuzenzekelayo kwaye isinike into ethi ngamanye amaxesha ibe luncedo kwaye ngamanye amaxesha ingabi njalo. Kodwa ngokufuthi ungazikhathazi ngokuzibuza ukuba iluncedo okanye akunjalo. Kuya kufuneka sazi ukuba ingqondo yethu isebenza ngale ndlela. Yindlela eqhelekileyo yokusebenza kwaye yenza umsebenzi omninzi olungileyo kuthi. Kodwa kufuneka silumke ngamanye amaxesha iya kwenza umsebenzi ongena endleleni yoko sizama ukukwenza.

JR: Uyazi ukuba bekukho umbono onomdla kwisahluko 5 sencwadi yakho malunga neenkolelo endingekaze ndingene kuzo ngaphambili. Yimbono ephikisayo yokuba ukusebenzisa iingcinga ezibonisa ukungakhathali kunokukuzisa kwinqanaba apho ukwazi ukubonakalisa ubuqu kunye nokuhluka komntu, okuchasene ngqo nokuchazwa. Ungayicacisa lonto?

AG: Ewe yinto encinci yengcinga enzima, kwaye enye engekhoyo okwangoku kwizengqondo zezentlalo. Kweso sahluko sivavanye indlela esinokudibanisa ngayo iindidi ezinje ngobuhlanga, inkolo, ubudala, njl njl. Umzekelo, kweso sahluko sicebise ukuba sibe nomfanekiso ngqondweni wakho Mnyama, umSilamsi, amashumi amathandathu, umFrentshi, unjingalwazi wesini. Ngoku, uninzi aluzange luhlangane nabani na onazo zonke ezi mpawu, kodwa sinokudibanisa kunye iilebhile ezinjengeentlobo zomsebenzi, ulwalamano ngokwesondo, njl.njl. Asinangxaki ekudaleni umfanekiso mhle ngokwasengqondweni wolo hlobo lomntu, nangona ngekhe sazi umntu onje kubomi bakho bonke.

JR: Incwadi yakho isekwe kuphando oluninzi. Iprojekthi engagungqiyo inabantu abangaphezulu kwezigidi ezi-2 abathathe inxaxheba.

AG: Ngokwenene ngaphezulu kwezigidi ezili-16 zabantu. Saqala ngo-1998 kwaye ngoku kukho iinguqulelo ezili-14 ezahlukeneyo kwiwebhusayithi ngoku. Uninzi lwazo lubaleke ngaphezulu kweshumi leminyaka. Siyazi ukuba uVavanyo loMbutho oluNgagqibekanga luye lwagqitywa ngaphezulu kwezihlandlo ezili-16 lezigidi Olona lugqityiweyo ngaphezu kwayo nayiphi na enye luvavanyo lwesimo sengqondo sobuhlanga, esilinganisa ukuthandeka nokungathandeki okunxulunyaniswa neendidi zobuhlanga ezimnyama nezimhlophe. Olu vavanyo lugqityiwe phakathi kwesi-4 nesi-5 samaxesha ezigidi.

JR: Inqaku elinye elonwabisayo Blindspot yimisebenzi yokunxibelelana, ukubonwa, kunye nemizekelo ebonakalayo enceda ukubandakanya abantu kwezi ngcinga nakwiliqondo. Kwasekuqaleni kwencwadi bonisa uluvo lwendawo engaboniyo. Ngaba ungasitshela ukuba yintoni leyo kwaye indlela indawo engaboniyo isinceda ngayo ukuba siqonde le ndawo iphela yeentetho ezikhohlakeleyo kunye nokukhetha okungagungqiyo?

AG: Indawo engaboniyo kukubonisa okudala okubandakanya ukujonga iphepha elinamachaphaza amabini athathwe malunga nee-intshi ezintlanu kwiphepha elimhlophe. Xa uvale iliso elinye kwaye ujonge kwichaphaza elinye uze ususe iphepha ngaphakathi kweesentimitha ezisixhenxe zamehlo akho, elinye ichaphaza liyanyamalala. Ke, ukuba utshintsha iliso livulekile kwaye livalekile, ichaphaza elanyamalalayo liyabonakala kwaye elinye ichaphaza liyanyamalala. Yindawo engaboniyo leyo. Xa ufumana le ndawo ingaboniyo kwimiboniso, imvelaphi iyaqhubeka, kwaye kukho ukukhohlisa komngxunya kumbono wakho. Kungenxa yokuba ingqondo yakho iyizalisa kwindawo engaboniyo nangayo nayiphi na into ekumakhelwane. Indawo engaboniyo iba sisikweko sesiqwenga sezixhobo zengqondo esingaboni ngokwenzekayo.

JR: Sifudumele ukuba sibe nendawo engaboniyo.

AG: Kunene, kodwa indawo engaboniyo yengqondo esithetha ngayo ayikho nje enye yezixhobo zokuhlawula. Ngokwenyani luluhlu olupheleleyo lokusebenza kwengqondo, esingaboniyo kusenzeka. Zenzeka ngamehlo. Ezi zinto zibaluleke kakhulu. Ummangaliso woVavanyo loMbutho oMiselweyo kukuba eneneni isinika indlela yokubona iinxalenye zengqondo ezenzeka kuzo ezi zinto.

JR: Iziphumo zobuhlanga ze-IAT zithi abantu abaninzi baseMelika bakhetha ubuso obumhlophe xa kuthelekiswa nobuso obumnyama, ekulula ukuba bandise ekukhetheni abantu abamhlophe kunabantu abamnyama. Kodwa masenze ntoni ngale nto? Abanye abantu into yokuba uthanda ubuso obahlukileyo kolu vavanyo ayizukuba sisiqwenga sedatha esingabalulekanga.

AG: Ungacinga “Kulungile ndinolu khetho ngokwe-IAT, kodwa ayisiyondlela eyahlukileyo yokulinganisa into endinokuyithetha ukuba ungandibuza imibuzo ngokhetho lwam lobuhlanga?” Kodwa ayilunganga. Amacala atyhilwe yi-IAT, ngekhe aphume ukuba bendiphendula imibuzo nje. Ukuba ubundibuze imibuzo malunga nokucalucalulana ngokobuhlanga, ndingaphika ukuba ndinalo naluphi na uhlobo lokhetho ngokobuhlanga. Ayisi kuba ndixoka, kodwa ngenxa yokuba ndingayazi imibutho ezenzekelayo etyhilwa yi-IAT. Le patheni isebenza uninzi lwabantu baseMelika kunye nabantu bakwamanye amazwe.

JR: Kukho umzekelo kwincwadi yakho umntu akubhalele wathi akukho ndlela yokuba bamthande uMartha Stewart ngaphezulu kuka-Oprah Winfrey, nangona iimvavanyo zakho zisithi zenzile.

AG: Ewe. Oku kwenzeka ngalo lonke ixesha. Kukho umthombo oqondakalayo wokuchasana nokukholelwa ekubeni le nto i-IAT ilinganisa kuyo nayiphi na into eyiyo. Singakuqonda oku ngokwethiyori ngokwamanqanaba amabini esixoxe ngawo ngaphambili. IAT ilinganisa into eyenzeka ngokuzenzekelayo kwinqanaba elisezantsi, ngaphandle kolwazi lwethu. Imibuzo yophando, nangona kunjalo, apho uphendula khona ngamagama okanye ujonge amanqaku abonisa iingcinga ezenzekayo kwinqanaba eliphezulu. Ngoku siyaqonda ukuba la manqanaba mabini engqondo akanyanzelekanga ukuba avumelane. Ke iba ngumbuzo wokuba ungajongana njani noku kungangqinelani.

Omnye wemibuzo eqhelekileyo esihlala siyifumana kukuba ingaba ukungazi nto okulinganiswe yi-IAT kunefuthe elibonakalayo kwindlela esiziphatha ngayo. Impendulo nguewe. Umbutho ozenzekelayo esiwenzayo kweli nqanaba lisezantsi, elingazi nto liza kuvelisa iingcinga ezibonisa ezo ntlangano, nangona singazi nokuba sinazo. Oku kunokutshintsha izigwebo esizenzayo ngokuzazi.

Umfazi wam wandixelela ngebali likanomathotholo awaliva ngegqwetha elimnyama eligama linguBryan Stevenson osebenzela i-Equal Justice Initiative. Wayekwigumbi lenkundla nomthengi, okwenzeka ukuba amhlophe, wayehleli kwidesika yokhuselo phambi kokuba kuqale ityala. Ijaji yangena yaza yeza kuMnumzana Stevenson yathi “Hee, wenza ntoni uhleli etafileni yokhuselo? Akufanele ube ulapha de kube igqwetha lakho lilapha. ”

JR: Kuyamangalisa!

AG: Ewe. UBryan Stevenson wahleka. Ijaji yahleka. Kodwa yayiyinto enzulu kakhulu, ibonisa imisebenzi ezenzekelayo entloko yejaji eyamxelela ukuba umntu omnyama ohleli etafileni yokuzikhusela, nokuba ngubani onxibe isuti, ayilo gqwetha kodwa ngummangalelwa.

JR: Wow. Kwenye yeziHlomelo kwi Blindspot, uchaza utshintsho olubalulekileyo kumashumi eminyaka ngendlela abantu abaphendule ngayo imibuzo ethe ngqo malunga nobuhlanga. Uhlobo lweembono ezingathandekiyo ngabantu abamnyama alusavunyelwa, njengoko babenjalo ngaphambi kwexesha lamaLungelo oLuntu. Ngaba i-IAT ayisixeleli ukuba ezi zinto zichazayo zobuhlanga zinokutshintsha ngaphandle kotshintsho oluhambelana nemibutho emibi abantu abaninzi banokuqhubeka nokubambelela kubantu abamnyama?

AG: Ewe Mahzarin kwaye ndikulumkele kakhulu ukuthi loo manyathelo e-IAT akakufanelanga ukubizwa ngokuba bubuhlanga. IAT ilinganisa ukhetho oluzenzekelayo lwabamhlophe ngokuhambelana nabantsundu. Olu lukhetho umntu anokulufumana ukuba uyabathanda abamhlophe nabamnyama, ukuba akathandi abamhlophe nabamnyama, okanye eneneni xa ebathanda abamhlophe kwaye engabathandi abamnyama. Kodwa oku akunalo ubuhlanga. Yindibaniselwano yengqondo eyenzeka ngokuzenzekelayo. Inxulumene nokuziphatha okunocalucalulo, kodwa ayisiyiyo indlela yokuziphatha enobandlululo. Le yinto eyenzeka ngokufihlakeleyo ngakumbi.

JR: Esinye seziphumo ezinomdla ozichazayo kwincwadi yakho kukuba abantu abaninzi base-Afrika baseMelika bakhetha ukungazi nto ngabamhlophe.

AG: Kuyinyani oko. Phakathi kwabantu base-Afrika-baseMelika eUnited States kusondele ukwahlula phakathi kwabo banokhetho kubuso obumhlophe xa kuthelekiswa nomnyama kunye nalabo banokhetho olumhlophe ngesihlobo esimnyama. Kodwa ukuba abo bantu babuzwa ukuba baziva beshushu kubantu abamhlophe xa kuthelekiswa nabamnyama, ama-Afrika aseMelika aya kuyenza icace gca ukuba baziva beshushu kubantu abamnyama kunabantu abamhlophe. Okubangela umdla kukuba kubonakala ngathi uninzi lwabantu base-Afrika baseMelika abalawulwa ngokuchanekileyo kwezopolitiko njengabamhlophe, uninzi lwabo lucinga ukuba ukuba baziva beshushu ngakumbi kolunye uhlanga kunokuba babonise le mvakalelo. Kodwa hayi phakathi kwabantu abamnyama. Abantu base-Afrika baseMelika babonisa iipateni ezahlukeneyo kukhuphiswano lwe-IAT kunabamhlophe, kodwa ayisiyiyo ngqo le nto. Zilungelelene kakhulu kwaye ngokomndilili zibonisa intando encinci yomnatha ngendlela enye okanye enye. Kodwa yintoni efanayo umahluko phakathi kwamagama abo malunga nokukhetha kunye ne-IAT ithi malunga nokukhetha kwabo. Oko bakholelwa ngokunyanisekileyo malunga nabo kuhlala kwahluka kukhetho lwabo, njengoko kuhlala kunjalo kwabamhlophe.

JR: Ndiyazibuza ukuba incwadi yakho ibangele impikiswano yoluntu.

AG: Inomdla. Umsebenzi wethu wezenzululwazi ube nempikiswano kuba kukho abantu abaphikisana kakhulu nembono yokusebenzisa ixesha lokuphendula njengendlela yokulinganisa uhlobo lwesimo sengqondo esasikho ngaphambili esilinganiswe yimibuzo yophando eyayineempendulo zomlomo okanye ezisetyenzisiweyo. Sifumana impikiswano enkulu ngaphakathi kwicandelo lethu kunokuba sisenza kuluntu ngokubanzi, kubandakanya abafundi be- Blindspot . Phantse akubikho nkcaso iphikisayo kwizigqibo zencwadi, kwaye abantu abaninzi bafumanisa ukuba ezi zimvo zibakhokelela ekubeni baqonde ukuba kunyanzelekile ukuba benze okuthile ukuthintela ukusebenza kokungakhathali. Kodwa sinabalingane bethu kwezesayensi abafuna ukulwa ngayo yonke le nto.

JR: Inzululwazi kwi Blindspot iphakamisa ukuba zininzi kangakanani ezi zinto zichasene notshintsho. Kodwa inyani yokuba u-Barack Obama wonyulwa kabini kubongameli kubonakala ibonisa utshintsho olukhulu. Abanye abantu bade bathi ubudala bobuhlanga buphelile kwaye sikwixesha lasemva kobuhlanga.

AG: Ndabelana ngombono wokuba ndiyazi uninzi lweenzululwazi zopolitiko ezibambeleyo, eyokuba u-Barack Obama ukwazile ukunyulwa njengo-Mongameli nangona wayemnyama. Oku, ngokuyinxenye, yayinokwenza nezinye izinto eziqhubekayo elizweni. AbaseRiphabhlikhi babeqala ukuphulukana nenkxaso yezopolitiko ngenxa yemicimbi enjengokufudukela kwelinye ilizwe kunye nentlekele yemali ka-2008. Le mikhosi yakwazi nje ukoyisa ilahleko yeevoti u-Obama awazifumanayo ngenxa yokuba emnyama. Ngokwenene ndenze uphando malunga nesi sihloko esishicilelwe kwiijenali zesayensi.

JR: Kuluntu olumnyama ngamanye amaxesha sithetha ngento ebizwa ngokuba yirhafu emnyama. Yimali exhasayo leyo abantu abamnyama abahlawula ngayo izinto kuba befumana imali encinci, abanikwa zivumelwano ezifanelekileyo, okanye imiqobo yokuphumelela inzima kubo. Ke yayiyintoni irhafu emnyama kaBarack Obama? Ukubamnyama kubize ntoni kuye ngokwepesenti yepesenti yonyulo?

AG: Uqikelelo kuphononongo esilwenzileyo kukuba bekukho ukwehla nge-5% kwiivoti zika-Obama ngenxa yobuhlanga. Kwaye abanye benze izibalo ezifanayo. Alithandabuzeki elokuba uBarack Obama ngekhe anyulwe kunyulo lukaMongameli oluqhutywa ngabavoti abamhlophe. U-Obama ngewayephulukene nomhlaba omkhulu, mhlawumbi kangange-60% ukuya kuma-40% ngenxa yomchasi wakhe.

JR: Ndiyazibuza ukuba uphando lwakho lwe-IAT lunokuthini ukusinceda ukuba sijonge imiba emininzi ebalulekileyo yohlanga ebelusematheni kutshanje-izinto ezinje ngokudubula kwamapolisa kwabantu base-Afrika baseMelika? Kwezo meko, amagosa phantse bahlala besithi baziva ngathi ubomi babo busengozini, kodwa uninzi lwabantu base-Afrika-baseMelika-kwaye mhlawumbi uninzi lwabantu-bajonge imeko kwaye bacinge ukuba inokwenzeka njani loo nto?

AG: Ukuphendula loo mbuzo, kufuneka sahlule phakathi kweemeko ezahlukeneyo zobupolisa. Umzekelo, xa amapolisa ezifumanisa ejongene nomntu ophethe umpu, akunakwenza mahluko nokuba loo mntu umnyama okanye umhlophe. Banokucinga ukuba nokuba ngubani lo mntu, ukuba bafikelela kwinto enokuba ngumpu, ipolisa lisenokuziva ngathi kukho isoyikiso sokwenyani. Olu luhlobo olubaluleke kakhulu kwimeko, kodwa hayi enye endiyifundileyo. Kwaye andikakulungeli ukutsho ngqo ukuba i-IAT isebenza njani kuyo.

Iindidi zeemeko zobupolisa endizifundayo zixhaphake kakhulu, njengokuprinta. Yithi ipolisa lilandela imoto kwaye ligqibe ekubeni liyimise kuba isibane esingasemva asisebenzi. Kuyaziwa ukusuka kwizifundo zokumisa kunye ne-frisk ezenza umohluko nokuba umqhubi umhlophe okanye umnyama. Olu luhlobo lwento enokubangelwa ziinkqubo ezizenzekelayo elinokuthi igosa lamapolisa lingazi. Anditsho ukuba akukho magosa asebupoliseni abandakanyeka ekuboniseni ngabom abamnyama kwiindawo zokumisa. Ndicinga ukuba iyenzeka. Kodwa ndicinga ukuba eyona ngxaki ibaluleke kakhulu kukucacisa ngokungagungqiyo okusebenza ngokuzenzekelayo. Ukuba ipolisa lirhanela ngakumbi ukuba kukho into engekho mthethweni eyenzekayo ukuba umqhubi umnyama, kubonakala ngathi kum kungakho into engacacanga, ezenzekelayo.

JR: Ndamangaliswa kukufumanisa kwincwadi yakho ukuba ezinye zezona zinto zibhalwe phantsi zifunyenwe kunyango, apho abantu base-Afrika baseMelika bahlala befumana unyango oluncinci. Kwaye abantu ababonisa le nkathalo kukhathalelo lonyango baphakathi kwabantu abaqeqeshiweyo elizweni.

AG: Kunzima kakhulu ukukrokrela ukuba oogqirha bavelisa ukungafani kukhathalelo lwempilo, oluhlala lubonakala kunyango olungalinganiyo lwabamhlophe nabantsundu. Kunzima kakhulu ukunyanga oku njengento egutyungelweyo ngenjongo yokubonelela ngonyango olungonelisiyo kwizigulana ezimnyama. Ke kuyacaca ukuba kukho into esebenza kwinqanaba elizenzekelayo leendlela ezisisiseko abanokuthi oogqirha bangazi. Uninzi lweengcali zonyango zinomdla kule nto. Kwiiseshoni zoqeqesho ezinxulumene nokungafani kwezonyango bahlala benobunzima bokufumana iingqondo zabo kwingcinga yokuba kunokubakho into iingqondo zabo ezibangela ukuba babonelele ngononophelo oluncinci kunokuba befuna ukubonelela. Yinto eza kuthi ngenye imini isombululwe ngoqeqesho, kodwa hayi uhlobo loqeqesho ekulula ukulwenza. Iingcali zengqondo kufuneka zibonelele ngokuqhubekayo ngemfundo kuguquko olungagungqiyo ukwenzela ukuba abantu baqonde indlela iingqondo zabo ezinokusebenza ngokuzenzekelayo.

JR: Olu Hlaziyo luchaziweyo luguqulelo olukhulu lweparadigm kuthi. Uninzi lwethu luyifumene ingcinga yokuba umhlaba ungqukuva kwaye ujikeleza ilanga. Kodwa le yinto enkulu ebantwini abanemvakalelo eyomeleleyo yokuzimela kwaye bathanda ukucinga ukuba bayinkosi yesiphelo sabo.

Njengokuba sisonga izinto, ndiyazibuza ukuba ungawuthatha njani umyalezo obalulekileyo wokuthatha ekhaya ongathanda ukuba abantu bafumane kuwo Blindspot?

AG: Luhlobo lokwazi umyalezo ngokwakho. Kule ncwadi, besizama ukubonisa ukuba isayikholoji ifundwe kutsha nje malunga nendlela ezisebenza ngayo iingqondo zethu kunye nento esinokuyenza ukulungelelanisa indlela esiziphatha ngayo kunye neenkolelo zethu, ngokuchaseneyo nokukhetha kwethu okungazi. Inxalenye yemfihlo yokwenza oko kukwenza nje izinto ezibangela ukuba ingqondo yakho yenze ngaphezulu kokusebenza ngokuzenzekelayo. Unokwenza oku ngokujonga ngokusondeleyo into oyenzayo.

JR: Unika umngeni kwisihloko sencwadi yakho ngokuthi ezi zizinto ezifihlakeleyo zabantu abalungileyo. Aba ngabantu abaneenjongo ezintle abazibona belungile, kodwa olunye uphando lwakho lunokulucel'umngeni kolo lwazi.

AG: Kuya kufuneka uqonde ukuba esinye sezizathu zeso sihlokwana kukuba ababhali ababini bencwadi bazithatha njengabantu abalungileyo kwaye banokukhetha. Kwaye sikholelwa ekubeni asisodwa ekucingeni ukuba singabantu abalungileyo kwaye asisodwa ekungafuni kulawulwa zezi zinto zingenamkhethe. Baninzi kakhulu abantu abanje ukuba bonke kwaye bathenga incwadi ndingaba sisityebi kakhulu.

JR: Inye into endihlala ndiphawula ngayo xa ndifundisa abafundi okanye abo baqeqeshwayo malunga nokujongana nabantu abonileyo, ukungaziphathi kakuhle, kunye nokusebenza kwengqondo kukuba abantu abalungileyo bafuna ukulunga kwaye bafuna ukubonwa njengabalungileyo. Ngokwahlukileyo, ngabantu abajolise kulwaphulo-mthetho, uhlala ufumanisa ukuba abafuni ukulunga kwaye ababonakali ngathi balungile. Ke ndicinga ukuba ukufuna ukulunga kuhamba indlela ende ekuqaliseni ukulunga. Le nkqubo yokwazi ngokwakho yinto ekufuneka uyenzile ukuba uyabandakanyeka kwincoko yomdyarho okanye hayi. Ndiyincoma kakhulu incwadi yakho kunye nophando lwakho njengesiqalo kuloo nkqubo yokuzazi-ukwazi ukuba uphi kwaye silapha eMelika.

AG: Ndifuna ukukubulela ngokwenza loo nto. Abo kuthi bafuna ukuzibona njengabantu abalungileyo kufuneka babe nomdla ekufundeni ukuba ukusebenza kweengqondo zethu ngokuzenzekelayo kungangena njani kwiinjongo zethu. Leyo ngongoma enkulu yokuphela.

JR: Enkosi, Tony. Ndiyabuxabisa kakhulu ububele bakho ngexesha lakho kwaye ndikwanika abafundi ithuba lokuba babelane ekuqaleni kwento entsha oyenzileyo ngexesha lodliwanondlebe lwethu. Ngokuqinisekileyo ndiza kukhangela okungakumbi malunga noQinisekiso oluPheleleyo. Ukuba ezi ngcamango ziqondwa ngokubanzi kuya kulungiselela indlela yotshintsho oluninzi oluqinisekileyo.

AG: Enkosi ngale ncoko ndiyayixabisa uthatha umdla emsebenzini wethu.

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Cofa apha ukumamela udliwanondlebe olupheleleyo kunye no-Anthony Greenwald malunga nencwadi yakhe Blindspot.