Iiyunivesithi ezi-10 ezindala kakhulu kwihlabathi

Umxholo

• Ezi zezona yunivesithi zidala emhlabeni, ngendawo akuyo kunye nonyaka wesiseko.
• Ezi zezona yunivesithi zidala emhlabeni, kunye nendawo akuyo
• 1. IYunivesithi yaseBologna, e-Itali (1088)
• 2. IYunivesithi yaseOxford, eUK (1096)
• 3. IYunivesithi yaseCambridge, e-UK (1209)
• 4. IYunivesithi yaseSalamanca, eSpain (1218)
• 5. IYunivesithi yasePadua, e-Itali (1222)
• 6. IYunivesithi yaseNaples Federico II, e-Itali (1224)
• 7. IYunivesithi yaseSiena, e-Italiya (1240)
• 8. IYunivesithi yaseValladolid, eSpain (1241)
• 9. IYunivesithi yaseMurcia, eSpain (1272)
• 10. IYunivesithi yaseCoimbra, ePortugal (1290)
• Ukukhankanywa okhethekileyo
• 1. IYunivesithi yaseNalanda, eIndiya (450)
• 2. IYunivesithi yaseAl-Karaouine, Morocco (859)
• 3. IYunivesithi iAl-Azhar, Egypt (972)
• 4. IYunivesithi yaseAl-Nizamiyya, eIraq (1065)

Ezi zezona yunivesithi zidala emhlabeni, ngendawo akuyo kunye nonyaka wesiseko.

Xa sithetha ngeeyunivesithi, iindawo ziza engqondweni apho abantu abaninzi, ngamanye amaxesha abavela kwiindawo ezikude kakhulu, babelana ngazo zonke iintlobo zolwazi, bekhuthaza ukucinga kunye nokucinga okuqinisekileyo.

Nangona namhlanje kukho amawaka eziyunivesithi esinokuzifumana kwihlabathi liphela, ekuqaleni la maziko ayenqabile kwaye ebenomda kwilizwekazi laseYurophu, ubuncinci ukuba sijonga amaziko ahambelana nenkcazo yeklasikhi "eyunivesithi".

Apha ngezantsi siza kufumanisa Zeziphi iiyunivesithi ezindala emhlabeni, ukongeza ekuboneni imvelaphi yabo kwaye siza kuthatha ithuba lokukhankanya ngokukhethekileyo amaziko athi, nangona engakhange avele njengeeyunivesithi, kodwa anento yokwenza nawo.

Ezi zezona yunivesithi zidala emhlabeni, kunye nendawo akuyo

Iiyunivesithi ngamaziko okwabelana ngenkcubeko, ulwazi lwazo zonke iintlobo kunye nabaxhasi bokucinga okuqinisekileyo kunye nokubonisa. Ilizwe elingenazo iiyunivesithi lilizwe elinomda kakhulu, elingenanto ininzi yokubonelela ngelinye ilizwe ngokwenkcubeko kunye nemfundo. Iiyunivesithi zibe, ubuncinci kwihlabathi lokuqala, iinjini zoqoqosho nezenkcubeko njengezona zibalulekileyo njengeshishini, urhwebo nokhenketho.

Amaziko okuqala abizwa ngokufanelekileyo ngokuba "ziiyunivesithi" anemvelaphi yawo eYurophu ephakathi. Ngeli xesha bekukho amaziko abizwa ngokuba yi "studium generale" okanye "isifundo ngokubanzi", amaziko apho kufundiswa iindlela ezahlukeneyo.

Kananjalo, izifundo ngokubanzi zazinemvelaphi yazo kwizikolo zakudala zabefundisi ezazivulele iingcango zabo abantu abangakholwayo. Nangona isihloko "eyunivesithi" singekhe sivele kude kube yi-1254, kukho amaziko aliqela emfundo ngaphambi kwalo mhla uthathelwa ingqalelo njengeyunivesithi zokuqala.

1. IYunivesithi yaseBologna, e-Itali (1088)

Ayaziwa ngokuqinisekileyo ukuba yasekwa nini iYunivesithi yaseBoli, kodwa yamkelwe into yokuba kufanele ukuba yayikukujikeleza kwe1088. kamva.

IYunivesithi yaseBoli yaziwa ngokuqala izifundo ezisesikweni eziphakamileyo kwilizwe laseNtshona kwaye, kangangeminyaka engama-30, ibiliziko elivela kuso iSivumelwano saseBologna, nalapho amaziko aseyunivesithi aseYurophu amisela izicwangciso zokufunda ezimisela ukuhamba kwezemfundo njengesixhobo sokuququzelela ukwamkelwa ngokufanayo kwamakhredithi ezifundo.

Ekuqaleni wayezigxile kwezomthetho kwaye wayenodumo olukhulu kolu qeqesho. Phakathi kwababali bembali abaye kwiiklasi zakhe sinamanani afana noDante Alighieri, uFrancesco Petrarca, uThomas Becket, uErasmus waseRotterdam, uCopernicus, uMarconi no-Umberto Eco. Namhlanje babhaliswe malunga nama-80,000 abafundi.

2. IYunivesithi yaseOxford, eUK (1096)

NjengakwiBologna, ayaziwa ngokuqinisekileyo ukuba yasekwa nini iYunivesithi yaseOxford, kukhunjulwa ukuba kufanele ukuba yayikuku 1096. Ngo-1167 UKumkani uHenry II waseNgilani wawalela amaNgesi ekufundeni eFrance, ethi inyuke inani labafundi kule yunivesithi kwaye, ukusukela ngoko, yaba lelona ziko liphambili lokufunda kwilizwe laseAnglo-Saxon. Okwangoku yaziwa ngokubanzi ngeenkqubo zayo zoluntu.

Phakathi kwabafundi bakhe ababalaseleyo sinoJohn Locke, Thomas Hobbes, Bill Clinton, Tony Blair, Indira Ghandi, Adam Smith, Albert Einstein, Erwin Schrödinger, Robert Hooke, Robert Boyle, Stephen Hawking no Richard Dawkins. Phantse i-50 yabafundi abaphumeleleyo babe ngabaphumeleleyo beNobel kwaye, namhlanje, eli ziko lamkela abafundi abangama-20,000, abakhethiweyo ngononophelo lokufaneleka kwabo.

3. IYunivesithi yaseCambridge, e-UK (1209)

Ukusekwa kweYunivesithi yaseCambridge kunento yokwenza neOxford. Ngo-1209 iqela labafundi base-Oxford balishiya iziko laseCambridge emva kokubulawa kwabafundi ababini ababetyholwa ngokudlwengula. Ngokuhamba kwexesha, iCambridge yaqwalaselwa njengoluntu lwabafundi olunempumelelo kunye nenoveli kwaye, ngo-1231, le yunivesithi yafumana ukuvunywa kunye nokukhuselwa ngu-Henry III. Kule nto kwakuza kuvela usukuzwano phakathi kweOxford neCambridge, iyaqhubeka nanamhlanje.

Abafundi bakhe ababalaseleyo kunye nootitshala baquka uSir Isaac Newton, uCharles Darwin, uSir Francis Bacon, uStephen Hawking, uHugh Laurie, uStephen Fry, uJohn Milton, uAlan Turing, uCharles waseWales, uEmma Thompson, kunye noSacha Baron Cohen. Inomtsalane ngakumbi kune-Oxford, kuba iCambridge ivelise ukuya kuthi ga kwi-90 ye-Nobel. Ubalasele ngokukodwa kwezenzululwazi.

4. IYunivesithi yaseSalamanca, eSpain (1218)

Kwi-1218 kwafundwa ngokubanzi iSalamanca, unyaka othathwa njengosuku lokusekwa kweyunivesithi yangoku. Ngo-1253 iYunivesithi yaseSalamanca yafumana eli wonga ngomthetho kaKumkani Alfonso X the Wise, eyunivesithi endala yokuthetha iSpanish emhlabeni. Ngo-1255 uPopu Alexander IV wavuma ukuba semgangathweni kwezidanga zazinikezelwa kuyo, wamnika nelungelo lokuba nesitywina sakhe.

Ukusukela oko yasekwayo, ihleli isebenza kangangeenkulungwane ezisibhozo, inabafundi ababalulekileyo kwimbali nenkcubeko yaseSpain njengoFray Luis de León, uFernando de Rojas, uHernán Cortés, uLuis de Góngora, uCalderón de la Barca kunye noMiguel de U-Unamuno, owayengengomfundi nje kuphela kodwa ekwangumongameli. Okwangoku inabafundi abangama-30,000.

5. IYunivesithi yasePadua, e-Itali (1222)

Njengokuba kwenzekile eOxford neCambridge, e-Itali kukho ukwahlukana. Kwi-1222 iqela labafundi kunye noonjingalwazi abavela kwiDyunivesithi yaseBoli, ndinqwenela inkululeko enkulu yokuthetha, bafudukela ePadua kwaye, apho, yasungula into eya kuthi ekugqibeleni ibe yiYunivesithi entsha.

Phakathi kwabafundi abagqwesileyo beli ziko sinamanani afana noNicolás Copernicus, uGalileo Galilei, uGabriele Falloppio kunye noMario Rizzetto. Namhlanje inabafundi abangama-60,000.

6. IYunivesithi yaseNaples Federico II, e-Itali (1224)

Eli ziko lasekwa nguFrederick II ngo-1224, nangona igama leenkosi lingazange longezwe kude kube ngo-1987. IYunivesithi yaseNaples Yayiyiyunivesithi yokuqala yehlabathi kwaye, namhlanje, inabafundi abayi-100,000.

7. IYunivesithi yaseSiena, e-Italiya (1240)

IYunivesithi yaseSiena yasekwa e-1240 kwaye yafumana intsikelelo kapapa ngo-1252. Phakathi kootitshala bayo abadumileyo sinoPietro Ispano, owathi kamva waba nguPopu John XXI.

Eliziko lidume ngokukodwa kwizikolo zalo zoMthetho kunye noNyango, lisamkela abafundi abangama-20 000 ngonyaka.

8. IYunivesithi yaseValladolid, eSpain (1241)

IYunivesithi yaseValladolid Elinye lamaziko aphakamileyo endawo esinokuyifumana eSpain. Njengakwezinye iiyunivesithi zaseYurophu, kukho iithiyori ezininzi malunga nesiseko sayo, eyona nto yamkelweyo ngokubanzi kukuba yasekwa ngonyaka we-1241 kwaye kukholelwa ukuba ibe sisiphumo sokudluliselwa kwe-General Study yasePalencia. Okwangoku inabafundi abamalunga nama-25,000.

9. IYunivesithi yaseMurcia, eSpain (1272)

Nangona kuhlala kusithiwa yasekwa nguAlfonso X ngo-1272, ayicaci kangako. Nangona kungoku nje iyunivesithi ethobekileyo, igutyungelwe ngamanye amaziko asekwe kamva njengeYunivesithi yaseBarcelona, ​​iComplutense yaseMadrid okanye iYunivesithi yaseValencia, kuye Enye yezona nkalo zibalulekileyo zenkcubeko ngexesha lamaXesha Aphakathi. Okwangoku inabafundi abamalunga nama-30,000.

10. IYunivesithi yaseCoimbra, ePortugal (1290)

IYunivesithi yaseCoimbra yasekwa nguKumkani uDionysius I wasePortugal ngo-1290, efumana kwangalo nyaka intsikelelo kapapa. Ngo-1377 iyunivesithi yagqithiselwa kwikomkhulu, eLisbon, apho yahlala khona de kwaba ngu-1537 xa ibuyela eCoimbra. Ukusukela ngeyeSilimela ngo-2013 inewonga lokuthathwa njengeNdawo yeLifa leMveli yeHlabathi kwaye, kungoku nje, ngabantu abangama-20 000 abafunda apho. Inika igama layo kwiqela leCoimbra, umbutho odibanisa iiyunivesithi eziphambili ze-38 eYurophu, kubandakanya iSalamanca.

Ukukhankanywa okhethekileyo

Njengoko besesitshilo, umbono "weyunivesithi" ngowaseYurophu. Kwimvelaphi yayo yayinguPopu waseRoma owathatha ilungelo lokuqonda iziko lemfundo njengeyunivesithi ngokusebenzisa iinkunzi zamapapa ezaziqinisekisayo. Ngamanye amazwi, ICawa yamaKatolika yayiyeyona yathatha isigqibo sokuba inike isidanga saseyunivesithi kwiziko lemfundo ephakamileyo. Kungenxa yoko le nto, ngokungqongqo sithetha kwaye sithatha umbono ophakathi wasentshona weyunivesithi, amaSilamsi, amaBuddha okanye iziko elingelilo elaseyunivesithi kuba lalingaqwalaselwanga njalo nguPopu kwaye yayingelolobuKristu.

Kodwa oku akusekho njalo. Namhlanje iiyunivesithi kuphela ezisekwe ngemvume yeCawa yamaKatolika zezo zizibiza ngokuba ziiyunivesithi zamaKatolika. Iiyunivesithi ezingaphezulu kwama-20 000 kwihlabathi liphela azifumananga izidanga zazo kuba uPopu ugqibe njalo, kodwa ngenxa yokuba bedibene neekhrayitheriya ezahlukeneyo ukuze bathathwe njengamaziko aphezulu okusasazwa kolwazi lwazo zonke iintlobo.

Iyunivesithi iqondwa njengeziko apho zonke iintlobo zolwazi kwabelwana ngazo, nokuba zihambelana nenkolo. Ukuba siyakuthathela ingqalelo oku kwaye sivavanye amaziko asebenzise lo msebenzi kwimbali, sinayo iiyunivesithi ezingaphandle kweYurophu ezindala kakhulu kuneDyunivesithi yaseBoli. Ngapha koko, singatsho ukuba eyunivesithi yokuqala eyasekwa eYurophu yayiza kuba yiPlato's Academy eAthene, malunga ne-388 BC, uninzi lwabo olugqala ukuba lwalungumzekelo weeyunivesithi zamandulo.

Emva koko siza kufumanisa amaziko amane emfundo anokuqwalaselwa njengeyunivesithi, kude kube sele esebenza njengamaziko emfundo ephakamileyo.

1. IYunivesithi yaseNalanda, eIndiya (450)

IYunivesithi yaseNalanda yayiliziko lamaBuddhist elasekwa ngo-1193, elathi laphela kwiminyaka engama-800 kamva emva kokuba amaTurkey amaSilamsi ephantsi kolawulo luka-Muhammad Bajtiar Jalgi. Ngelo xesha layo lalinabafundi baseyunivesithi abangama-10,000. Yasekwa ngokutsha kwi-2014 kwikhampasi entsha ebekwe kwiikhilomitha ezili-10 ukusuka kwindawo eyayikuyo.

2. IYunivesithi yaseAl-Karaouine, Morocco (859)

Al-Karaouine okanye iYunivesithi yaseQarawiyyin yeyona yunivesithi indala esebenzayo kwihlabathi.

Ifumaneka eFez, eMorocco, ibali elisekwe kunomdla kakhulu, kuba yenye yezona yunivesithi zimbalwa ehlabathini ezisekwe ngumfazi, uFatima al-Fihri, wemfundo elungileyo kunye nobutyebi, owayezila ukutya Iminyaka eyi-18 ithathe ukwakha le yunivesithi. Okumangalisayo kukuba, bekungekude nje ukuba abantu basetyhini bavunyelwe ukuba babhalise kweli ziko.

Le yunivesithi ibandakanyiwe kwi-UNESCO kwaye ikwabonakala kwiGuinness Book of Records. Ngaphandle kwale nto, isihloko "eyunivesithi" ngokwayo yafunyanwa ngo-1963, ishiya isikhundla sayo sangaphambili njenge-madrassa. Ukusebenza kwayo kwasekuqaleni kwahluke kakhulu kunangoku, kuba kwimvelaphi yayo yayiliziko lemfundo lamaSilamsi njengayo nayiphi na enye, ngelixa namhlanje iye yafundisa ngakumbi.

3. IYunivesithi iAl-Azhar, Egypt (972)

Enye iyunivesithi ebalulekileyo kwilizwe lamaSilamsi yiAl-Azhar. Ifumaneka eCairo, le yunivesithi, okwangoku kukuphila, Ibilelona ziko lidala lezemfundo nenkolo kwilizwe lamaSilamsi. Ithathwa njengeyona iphambili, ngakumbi ukuba ufunda inkolo yeSunni.

4. IYunivesithi yaseAl-Nizamiyya, eIraq (1065)

Okokugqibela sineAl-Nizamiyya University yaseBaghdad. Ekuqaleni, yayiyinxalenye yoluhlu lwezikolo ezithi zasekwa nguNizam al-Mulk, igosa likarhulumente laseIran, I-vizier yeeSultans zaseSeljuk. Ikharityhulamu yayo yoqobo yayiquka izifundo zonqulo zamaSilamsi, uncwadi lwesiArabhu, umthetho wamaSilamsi, Oko kukuthi, iSharia kunye nezibalo. Ngendlela efanayo neYunivesithi yaseBoli eyasebenza njengomzekelo kwiiyunivesithi zaseYurophu kamva, uAl-Nizamiyya wakhonza kwiiyunivesithi zehlabathi lama-Arabhu.