Ii-ABC zoNyango oluSekwe kubungqina (i-EBTs) yaBantwana

Esi sithuba seendwendwe sanikelwa nguSofia Cardenas, umfundi ophumelele kwinkqubo yezeNzululwazi yezeMpilo yase-USC.

Uzifundile zonke iibhlog zomzali kwaye uqala ukukrokrela ukuba umntwana wakho ufuna uncedo kwimeko yempilo yengqondo. Uzifumana uku-intanethi, uskrolela kwiinketho ezininzi zonyango. Ngaba ufanele uzame ukudlala unyango? Mhlawumbi amayeza angathatha ukuphela kweempawu? Kuthiwani malunga nenye into "yendalo" njengeekristali zokuvula i-chakra yengcambu yomntwana kunye nokucoca i-aura yabo? Ukhetho luyamangalisa, umntwana wakho ufuna uncedo, kwaye uya kuzama phantse nantoni na okwangoku ukuba nje iyanceda!

Eli nqaku libhekiselwe njengesikhokelo sokukuxhobisa ngolwazi lokwenza ukhetho olunolwazi, oluxhaswayo ngokwesayensi malunga nekamva lomntwana wakho ngengqondo. Khumbula ukubonisana nogqirha wakho osapho othembekileyo okanye ugqirha wezempilo yengqondo xa usenza isigqibo malunga nesenzo sokugqibela.

Unyango olusekwe kubungqina (i-EBTs). Bazintoni?

Iingcali zempilo yengqondo (ezinje ngoogqirha bengqondo, oochwephesha bengqondo, oonontlalontle, umtshato kunye nonyango lweentsapho) banokusebenzisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokunceda abantwana kunye nabathengi abafikisayo ngeempawu zempilo yengqondo. "Unyango olusekwe kubungqina" (i-EBTs) zizicwangciso eziye zavavanywa kuseto lwenzululwazi kwaye zaboniswa ukuba ziyasebenza. Olunye unyango-njengonyango oludlulileyo lobomi olwenziwe kwisitudiyo sakho seyoga- khange luvavanywe ngokuqatha. Kutheni le nto ibalulekile? I-EBTs zonyango ezinobungqina benzululwazi obuxhasa ukusebenza kwazo, oko kuthetha ukuba banokuba nakho ukunceda umntwana wakho. Umbutho waseAmerican Psychiatric Association kunye neAmerican Psychological Association uluhlu lwee-EBTs 'njengezona zikhethwayo' kunye 'neendlela ezilungileyo' zonyango lwempilo yengqondo.

Umzekelo wekhonkrithi, jonga umsebenzi kaGqr. UFilipu Kendall kunye noMuniya Khanna. Benze inkqubo yokuXhalaba kwaBantwana, eneemodyuli zoqeqesho ezili-10 ezifundisa izicwangciso zabazali zokunceda abantwana babo ngoxinzelelo. Amabali okuxhalaba kwabantwana akhiwe kumashumi aliqela ophando malunga noxinzelelo lwabantwana kwaye kuthathwe ngokuba luncedo kuvavanyo lophando.

Ngaba ii-EBT ubungakanani obulingana nazo zonke? Okanye ngaba unyango olwahlukileyo lusebenzela iingxaki ezahlukeneyo?

Ii-EBTs zihlala zenzelwe ukujolisa kwiseti ethile yeempawu. Itheyibhile engezantsi idwelisa eminye imizekelo yee-EBT yezinye iingxaki eziqhelekileyo zobuntwana. Ungaqaphela umkhwa— iiyantlukwano ezahlukeneyo zeCognitive Behavioural Therapies (CBTs) zibonakala ngathi ziyanceda kwiziphazamiso ezahlukeneyo. I-CBT igxile kwimbono yokuba iingcinga, iimvakalelo, kunye nokuziphatha kunxibelelene kakhulu, ke ukutshintsha enye yezi ndawo (umzekelo, indlela yokuziphatha) kunokuthetha ukuphucuka kwenye (umzekelo, iimvakalelo).

Umzekelo, i-CBT eyenzelwe iPanic Disorder isebenza ukuze ichonge, icele umngeni, kwaye iguqule izimvo ezigcina iimpawu zokoyika zijikeleze, umzekelo, uloyiko lweemvakalelo zomzimba ezikhokelela kukothuka, emva koko kuguquke kube luhlaselo olupheleleyo.Enye yeendlela ze-CBT zokunciphisa ukwethuka kukuvezwa, apho umntwana ekhuthazwa khona (ngenkxaso yengcali yezempilo yengqondo) ukuba ajongane nomsitho okanye uphawu lomzimba aboyikayo kwimeko yobomi bokwenyani (umzekelo, ukuhamba wedwa kuxakekile Ivenkile okanye ukuphakamisa isandla eklasini) kunye namava omzimba (umzekelo, ukuphefumla ngengca ukwenza uvakalelo lwe-hyperventilating, uphawu oluqhelekileyo lomzimba lohlaselo).

Uninzi lwabantwana bane-comorbidities (okt, ukuba ngaphezulu kwesimo esinye sempilo yengqondo). Itshati engentla ibandakanya unyango lukaGqirha John Weisz, uprofesa waseHarvard wezengqondo zonyango. Ugqirha Weisz wenze i-MATCH-ADTC (Indlela eModular yonyango yaBantwana abaXhalabileyo, yoxinzelelo, yoKwenzakala okanye yokuziPhatha). IMATCH-ADTC lungenelelo lwengqondo olwenzelwe ukunyanga abantwana ngaphezulu kwesifo sengqondo (okt, indlela yokuziphatha ephazamisayo, uxinzelelo lwasemva koxinzelelo, uxinzelelo kunye noxinzelelo). Unyango lunezifundo ezingama-33 ezinokudityaniswa zize zihambelane neemfuno zomntwana ezithile.

Ngaba unyango olusekwe kubungqina luxhaswa njani yisayensi? Uvavanyo lwezonyango!

Phambi kokuba unyango luthathwe "njengobungqina obusekelwe kubungqina," kufuneka kwenziwe uphando lomntu ngamnye ukubona ukuba iindlela ezithile zonyango ziluncedo kusini na kwingxaki yezempilo yengqondo. Olu phononongo lubizwa ngokuba "luvavanyo lweklinikhi," kwaye lubandakanya okungenani abathathi-nxaxheba kwisifundo ngasinye. Aba bathathi-nxaxheba bophando banoluhlobo olufanayo lwengxaki, njengamanqanaba eklinikhi yokungakhathali okungapheliyo, uxinzelelo, okanye uxinzelelo. Abathathi-nxaxheba kuphando "babelwe ngokungakhethiyo" ukuba bafumane unyango X okanye unyango Y, oko kuthetha ukuba bakhethwe ngohlobo olungalunganga kunyango olunye ngokuchasene nolunye. Ukuba unyango uY lunceda abantwana ngaphezu koNyango X, unyango lukaY lufumene inkxaso okanye ubungqina bokusebenza kwalo. Ixesha elingaphezulu, abaphandi abaninzi baya kuzama ukuphinda ezi zinto zifunyanisiweyo kwizilingo ezahlukeneyo zeklinikhi. Ngexesha unyango luthathelwa ingqalelo njenge-EBT, inalo uphando oluxhasayo olucebisa ukuba kuluncedo ekunyangeni isifo esinikiweyo. Ukuba unyango lwe-Y luyaqhubeka ukuba luncedo, lunokuba lonyango "oluqhelekileyo lwegolide", okuthetha ukuba lwamkelwa esidlangalaleni njengonyango olulungileyo kwimeko ethile yempilo yengqondo.

Ukuba umntwana wakho okanye umntwana ofikisayo unomdla wokuba yinxalenye yesilingo seklinikhi sokufumana unyango kunye nokunceda ukuqhubela phambili isayensi, ungaya kwiwebhusayithi eyenziwe liThala leLizwe lezeMpilo ukuze ufumane uluhlu olubanzi lwazo zonke iimvavanyo zeklinikhi ezenziwayo eUnited States nakwamanye amazwe angama-208.

Ngaba ufuna ukujonga idatha ngokwakho? Funda iziseko zokuvavanya isayensi emva kovavanyo lweklinikhi

Nanga amanyathelo amabini ayimfuneko:

Inyathelo 1: Khangela amaphepha ophando

Eli nyathelo libonakala lilula, kodwa kunzima kunokuba unokucinga kuba amaphepha apapashwa kwiijenali zophando ezingavulelekanga eluntwini. Sicebisa ukuba uqale uzame ukusebenzisa iGoogle Scholar, injini yokukhangela eyilelwe ngokukodwa uncwadi lwezifundo. Emva koko, ungangena kwigama lokukhangela elinxulumene nesihloko sakho somdla, "njengonyango lonyango loxinzelelo lwabantwana" okanye "inkxaso yesysphoria yesini," kwaye uya kuba noluhlu lwamanqaku ezifundo ezinxulumene nesihloko sakho. Uninzi lwala manqaku luya kudwelisa isihloko, ababhali, kunye nenkcazo emfutshane yephepha kunye neziphumo zalo. Ngelishwa, kwiimeko ezininzi, awuyi kuba nakho ukufikelela kwiphepha elipheleleyo ngezi webhusayithi.

Ngethamsanqa, abaphandi bahlala bevulekile malunga nokwabelana ngophando lwabo kwaye uninzi lwabo lubhala amanqaku kwiPhando leGate, ngokuyintloko iFacebook yesayensi, apho abaphandi banokwabelana ngamaphepha kwaye basebenzisane. Wamkelekile ukusebenzisa iphepha lewebhu lomphandi kwaye ubone ukuba bayithumele na inqaku kuluntu okanye indawo ephethe ushicilelo, njengePsyArxiv. Unokudibana nomphandi ngqo ngedilesi ye-imeyile yeziko ukubuza ukuba bakulungele na ukwabelana ngomsebenzi wabo kunye nawe.

Kungabonakala ngathi ngumsebenzi omninzi ukufumana amanqaku, kodwa kufanelekile kuba amanqaku apapashwa kwiijenali "aphononongwa ngoontanga," Oko kuthetha ukuba elinye iqela lezazinzulu liphonononge umsebenzi wababhali kwaye labona njengenzululwazi engqongqo. Aba bafundi baya kuvavanya yonke imiba yophando- uyilo, amanani asetyenzisiweyo, kunye nendlela ezixoxwa ngayo iziphumo-ukuqinisekisa ukuba ichanekile ngokwenzululwazi. Yonke le nkqubo ingathatha iinyanga ukuya kwiminyaka, kodwa xa isifundo sivela kuphononongo loontanga, unokuqiniseka ngakumbi ukuba iziphumo zizezobunzululwazi obuphezulu.

Inyathelo 2: Funda amaphepha ophando ngeliso lesayensi

Nje ukuba ube nokufikelela kwiphepha lophando kuvavanyo lweklinikhi olunikiweyo, ungaqala kuvavanyo lomgangatho wesifundo. Nazi izinto ezimbalwa ekufuneka ujonge kuzo:

1. Inani labantu kwityala -Ukuvavanya uvavanyo lwezonyango, inani labantu abakwisifundo libalulekile. Uninzi lwezilingo ezenziwa kakuhle ziya kuba nesampulu enkulu kunye nabantu abangama-50 ukuya kweli-100 kwiqela ngalinye. Oku kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuba iziphumo azibangelwa yimeko egqithileyo kwiqela labantu abakwisifundo.

2. Uyilo loPhando -Kubalulekile ukuvavanya uyilo lophando lwezifundo ezixhasa ii-EBTs. Uyilo olumgangatho osezantsi golide wophando lwezonyango "luvavanyo olulawulwa ngokungekho mthethweni." Eli gama liwumlomo! Masiyiqhekeze.

Ukungahleliwe-Uninzi lwezilingo zeklinikhi zingenangqondo. Njengoko kukhankanyiwe apha ngasentla, i-randomization ithetha ukuba abaphandi babela abaguli kumaqela ahlukeneyo, ihlala liqela lonyango kunye neqela lolawulo okanye amanye amaqela onyango. Ukwenza i-Randomization kubalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukuba abaphandi abanamkhethe, umzekelo, ukubeka abaguli kwiqela apho bacinga ukuba baya kwenza ngcono. Kwakhona, i-randomization ivumela abaphandi ukuba baqinisekise ukuba ezinye izinto ezinokuchaphazela indlela olusebenza ngayo unyango- njengemo yezentlalo noqoqosho, imvelaphi yobuhlanga, okanye isini- zisasazwa ngokulinganayo kwiimeko / amaqela ahlukeneyo kuphando.

Ukulawulwa- Uninzi lwezilingo zeklinikhi lubandakanya iqela lokuthelekisa. Iqela lokuthelekisa lifumana i-placebo (okt, akukho lonyango lusebenzayo) okanye olunye unyango. Oku kubalulekile kuphononongo kuba kuvumela abaphandi ukuba bajonge iziphumo zeqela elifanayo labantwana okanye ulutsha olungafumani nyango phantsi kophando.

Imfama-kabini- Azikho izilingo ezininzi zeklinikhi ezingaboniyo kabini. Kodwa izifundo ezingaboni kabini zifumana "inkwenkwezi yegolide" eyongezelelweyo ngokubhekisele kuyilo lwenzululwazi. Ukungaboni kabini kuthetha ukuba akukho zifundo kuvavanyo okanye umvavanyi owaziyo ukuba ngaba umntu othatha inxaxheba kunyango ukweli qela lolawulo okanye kwiqela lonyango. Lishishini elinobuqili ukukhupha isifundo esingaboni kabini. Nangona kunjalo, izilingo ezibini ezingaboniyo ziyanceda ekuqinisekiseni ukuba abathathi-nxaxheba okanye abaphandi kulindelo lokuba unyango olunikiweyo lunokusebenza okanye alunakusebenza alunakubavumela ngexesha lokufunda.

Ungoyena mmeli ubalaseleyo womntwana wakho, kwaye ngoku unezakhono ezisisiseko zokujonga idatha ngokwakho. Siyathemba ukuba uziva unamandla ngakumbi ukubona ukuba uphando lufikelele kwimigangatho yakho!

Kuphi ukufumana ubungqina obuhlaziyiweyo kwii-EBT?

Nazi ezinye izixhobo ezilungileyo zokukunceda ugcine iithebhu kunyango olusekwe kubungqina:

Unyango oluxhaswe ngophando ngezengqondo

Umbutho weendlela zokuziphatha kunye nokuqonda