Ubuhlungu be-Ostracization: Isixhobo se-Bully's Silent

# 1.Jongeka njani iOstracization?

I-Ostracization, okanye ukukhutshwa ngaphandle komntu ngumntu okanye liqela, liqhinga eliqhelekileyo labaxhaphazi basemsebenzini. Sisebenza njengesixhobo esithuleyo, kunzima ukusibiza ngegama, kunzima ukusibiza, kwaye siyingozi kwimpilo yengqondo ekujoliswe kuyo kunye nokukwazi ukuhlangabezana neemfuno emsebenzini. Iimvakalelo zokukhatywa zinamandla kwaye zibangelwa ngokukhawuleza, njengoko kubonisiwe kwisifundo sophando kusetyenziswa iCyberball, umdlalo owenziwe ngekhompyuter wokuphosa ibhola apho ithagethi ikhutshelwa ngaphandle umdlalo ngequbuliso.

Umjikelo wokubekwa bucala, ngokuka-Kipling Williams, uNjingalwazi oBekekileyo weSayensi yezeNzululwazi kwiYunivesithi yasePurdue kunye nengcali ephambili kwicandelo, ulandela inkqubo yamanqanaba amathathu ekubhekiswa kuwo njengeModeli yoThuselo lweXeshana. Iqala ngenqanaba lokuNgcamla apho iimfuno ezisisiseko ekujolise kuzo, ukuzithemba, ukulawula, kunye nobukho obunentsingiselo zisongelwa. Inqanaba lokuBonakalisa okanye ukukopa lilandelayo, apho ithagethi ivavanya umonakalo kwaye inokuzama ukuphinda imise unxibelelwano ngokuthobela imigaqo yeqela okanye icatshukiswe kukuphathwa gadalala kwaye ifune ukuziphindezela. Ukuba ukukhutshwa kuthathe ixesha elide, umntu ekujoliswe kuye ungena kwinqanaba lokuRhoxa, apho ahlala eneemvakalelo zokungafaneleki, ukungabi nathemba kunye noxinzelelo.

# 2. Kutheni abantu abaxhaphaza abantu emsebenzini besebenzisa i-Ostracization njengeSixhobo?

Kunzima ukungqina, kulula ukujoyina, kunye neempembelelo ezothusayo, ukubekelwa ecaleni yindlela ethandwayo ngabahlaseli emsebenzini. Ngokuka Williams, "ukukhutshelwa ngaphandle okanye ukubekelwa bucala yindlela engabonakaliyo yokuxhaphaza engashiyi miqobo, kwaye ngenxa yoko sihlala siyijongela phantsi impembelelo yayo." Ukukhutshelwa ngaphandle ekuhlaleni kuhlasela imeko ekujolise kuyo ukuba ungowakhe, kuyaphula inethiwekhi yakhe, kunye nokuthintela ukuhamba kolwazi oluyimfuneko ekugqibezeleni ngempumelelo iiprojekthi kunye nemisebenzi. Ukwenza ukuba kubonakale nangakumbi kwindawo yokuxhaphaza emsebenzini, uphando lubonisa ukuba ukucalulwa kuyosulela. Uloyiko lokukhutshelwa ngaphandle kwezentlalo lubaluleke kakhulu, uninzi lwabantu ababukele luya kuthatha isimilo somhlaseli, baqinisekise ubulungu babo "kwiqela", ngokuchasene nokubeka emngciphekweni ukuziphindezela kwimikhwa yeqela. Nje ukuba ithagethi ichongiwe ukuze ikhutshelwe bucala, ukuxubana kwabantu abaninzi kunokulandela, kukonyusa iintlungu kunye nobubanzi bokubekelwa ecaleni.

# 3. Kutheni i-Ostracization Ibuhlungu Kangaka?

Ngokuka-Robert Sapolsky, ugqirha we-neuroendocrinologist kwiYunivesithi yaseStanford kunye nomamkeli we-MacArthur Foundation Genius Grant, iintlungu zokukhutshwa ngaphandle zibonakala ngathi zezokuvela. Sizizidalwa zentlalo ngokwendalo. Endle, ukuba liqela kuyimfuneko ukuze usinde, kwaye ukuhamba wedwa kusishiya sengozini yokulimala kunye nokufa. Intlungu yokukhutshwa kunokuba sisixhobo sendaleko ukusilumkisa ukuba sisengozini.

Amaxhoba ocalucalulo ahlala esithi ukungabandakanywa kuyabulala wentlungu yomzimba. Baqikelela ukuba "iintlungu zentlalontle ziyafana nokusebenza kwayo kwengqondo kwiintlungu zomzimba, zisilumkise xa sonzakele kunxibelelwano lwethu lwasentlalweni, sivumela amanyathelo okubuyisela ukuba athathwe."

# 4. I-Ostracization ikukhuthaza njani ukungqinelana, ukuthintela ubuGcisa, kunye nokuKukhuthaza ukubetha impempe?

Isimo sengqondo sabasebenzi kunye nezenzo zabo zinceda ekwenzeni inkcubeko egqubayo kwindawo yokusebenzela kunye nokwenza imithetho efanelekileyo. Iipaki kunye neLitye zifumanise ukuba iinkcubeko ezinemilinganiselo engqongqo, engatyhafisi abantu abangavumelaniyo, ngamanye amaxesha ziya kubakhuphela ngaphandle abantu abenza imisebenzi ephezulu nabazinikele kakhulu ekusebenzeni. Bacinga ukuba abo basebenzi baphakamise ibar phezulu kakhulu, bagqwesa kwimveliso yomsebenzi kunye nemilinganiselo yokuyila, kwaye babenze abanye oogxa babo bazive bengalunganga malunga nokungabi ngabaphathi abangcono babanye. Ukuseka ubulungu beqela kwakhona, umdlali ophumeleleyo unyanzelwa ukuba adlale encinci okanye arhoxe, eqhubela phambili inkcubeko enqabileyo kwaye ngamanye amaxesha inetyhefu kwindawo yokusebenza.

UCialdini (2005), unjingalwazi kwiYunivesithi yaseArizona State, wafumanisa ukuba sihlala siyijongela phantsi impembelelo yeentshukumo zentlalo. Xa ukungaziphathi kakuhle kugqugqisile kumbutho, ngokubhekisele kunxibelelwano lobungcali kunye nokwenza izigqibo ngendlela yokuziphatha, kunokwenzeka ukuba abasebenzi bahambelane. Ngubani obeka emngciphekweni wokuba likheswa egameni lokuthetha ngokuchasene nokungabikho kobulungisa? UKenny (2019), kwincwadi yakhe entsha Ukubetha impempe: Ukuya kwithiyori eNtsha , epapashwe yiHarvard University Press, ifumanise ukuba abasebenzi ababuxabisileyo ubulungisa nokungakhethi buso ngenxa yokunyaniseka nokuthobela badla ngokuba ngabo abaxela ukuphathwa gadalala nokwaphulwa kwemithetho yokuziphatha.

Ukubetha impempe, ngokwe-Alford's seminal work, kuneziphumo ezibi, kubandakanya ukuziphindezela ngokuzimela ngendlela yokuba ushiywe kwiintlanganiso, unqunyulwe kwitekhnoloji, kwaye ubekelwe bucala ngokwasemzimbeni. Nangona impempe ihlala ibhiyozelwa kuluntu olukhulu ngenxa yesibindi, isibindi sayo sinokusohlwaywa emsebenzini, njengoko umxhaphazi empeyinta njengonxaxhileyo kwaye edala isiphithiphithi sokuphambuka kwimicimbi awayeyibizile. UMiceli, kufutshane, Rehg, kunye no-van Scotter bafumanisa ukuba amazwi abonisa inkalipho asebenza njengesilumkiso kwabanye abasebenzi abanokufuna ukungafihli ekuthathweni kwezigqibo nakwezobulungisa. Impembelelo yokuzahlula kubapempe ibalulekile, ibangela ukuba abantu abasempilweni ngaphambili babe noxinzelelo, unxunguphalo, ukuphazamiseka kokulala kunye noloyiko.

# 5. Zeziphi izixhobo ezifumanekayo zokunceda iithagethi zijongane nokuchaphazeleka?

Umsebenzi uhlala ubonelela ngesangqa senkxaso yezentlalo edlulela ngaphaya kweendonga zeofisi. Xa umxhaphazi wasemsebenzini etyeshela into ekujoliswe kuyo kwaye anyanzele abanye ukuba bazibandakanye nokukhutshelwa ngaphandle, umntu ojolise kuye angaziva eneemvakalelo zokugatywa. Ukufumana kwakhona unyawo kwaye ufumane ukuphumla kunye nenkxaso, uphando lubonisa ukuba zininzi iindawo onokubhenela kuzo ukuze ufumane intuthuzelo.

Abasebenzi abagcina ubomi obupheleleyo ngaphandle kweofisi kwaye bakhulisa ubudlelwane kumaqela ahlukeneyo abahlobo benza uhlobo lokuxhathisa ngokuchasene nefuthe lokwahlukaniswa. Amalungu osapho kunye namaqela asekwe ajikeleze izinto ezinjengezinto zokuzonwabisa, ukuzilolonga, kunye nokusekwa kwenkolo kunceda ekwenzeni iithagethi zive ngathi zodwa. Xa amaxhoba ekuhlaleni emsebenzini ebanqumla, iinethiwekhi zabo zangaphandle ziyabanceda ukuba bafeze iimfuno zabo ezisisiseko.

I-Molet, iMacquet, i-Lefebvre, kunye ne-Williams bafumanisa ukuba ukuziqhelanisa nokucinga njengecebo eliluncedo ekuthomalaliseni intlungu yokukhutshwa. Ngokwenza imithambo yokuphefumla, iithagethi zifunde ukuba zijolise njani ngoku endaweni yokukhanyisa kwiimvakalelo ezibuhlungu zokungabandakanywa emsebenzini.

UDerrick, uGabriel, kunye noHugenberg bacebisa abantu abaza kulandelwa, okanye iibhondi ezingumfuziselo ezibonelela ngengqondo kunonxibelelwano lomzimba, zinokunceda ukunciphisa iintlungu zokukhutshwa. Abaphumeleleyo ekuhlaleni bawela kwelinye lala macandelo mathathu. Kukho iParasocial, apho senza unxibelelwano lwendlela enye nabantu esingabaziyo kodwa abasizisela ulonwabo, njengokubukela umdlali oyintandokazi kumdlalo bhanyabhanya okanye ukonwabela ikonsathi yemvumi ethandwayo. Okulandelayo, kukho uMhlaba weNtlalontle, apho sifumana ukuphunyuka kunye nokuzola ngokuthuthela kwenye indalo ngeencwadi kunye nomabonakude, ezinje, ngokuzibeka kwi-CS Lewis's Narnia. Okokugqibela, kukho izikhumbuzo zaBanye, apho sisebenzisa imifanekiso, iividiyo zasekhaya, izikhumbuzo, kunye neeleta ukunxibelelana nabantu esibathandayo nabasithandayo.

I-surrogate zentlalontle zikwabonakalisiwe ukuba zixhamle amaxhoba okonzakala, afuna intuthuzelo kwimisebenzi nakwizithethe, endaweni yokuzivulela ngokwabo ukubuyisela ubudlelwane babantu obunokubabeka emngciphekweni wokwenzakala kwakhona.

Nangona abanye becinga ukuba bancike kwizigunyaziso zentlalo luphawu lokungalungisi kunye nokusilela kubuntu, uphando lwakutsha nje lubonisa ukuba abantu abasebenza ngokwesondo banxulunyaniswa nokukhula kovelwano, ukuzithemba, kunye nezinye izinto ezibonakalayo kuphuhliso lomntu.

Isishwankathelo, ukucalulwa kubuhlungu, kuyasasazeka, kwaye kunefuthe elihlala ixesha elide kwixhoba. Izenzo zokukhetha zingasetyenziselwa ukunyanzelisa imigaqo yeqela elinetyhefu kwaye zingabatyhafisi abasebenzi ekuthetheni ngokuchasene nokwaphulwa komthetho. I-Ostracization, embindini wayo, isusa abantu kwiimfuno zabo ezisisiseko, ukuzithemba, ukulawula, kunye nokukhangela ubukho obunentsingiselo. Umsebenzi akufuneki ube buhlungu.

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