Icala leNtlalontle yeNicotine

"Ukuyeka ukutshaya yeyona nto ilula emhlabeni. Ndiyazi kuba ndenze amaxesha angamakhulu amaxesha "- UMark Twain.

Kutheni le nto abantu benengxaki yokuyeka ukutshaya?

Ngokuqinisekileyo ulwazi oluqhelekileyo lokuba ukusebenzisa i-cigarette yenye yeyona mingcipheko yempilo eyaziwayo. Ngapha koko, iinkcukacha-manani zibonisa ukuba inani lokufa kwabantu elinxulunyaniswa nokusetyenziswa kwecuba minyaka le likhulu kunokubulawa yi-HIV, ukusetyenziswa gwenxa kweziyobisi notywala, iingozi zeemoto kunye nokufa kwabantu zidityanisiwe . Kunye nokwandisa umngcipheko wolona hlobo lomhlaza, isifo sentliziyo, isifo seswekile, kunye nezinye izifo ezinzulu, ukusetyenziswa kwecuba kukwanxulunyaniswa nokunciphisa ukuchuma, impilo ehluphekileyo, ukungabikho emsebenzini, kunye neendleko zokhathalelo lwempilo.

Ngaphandle kwezi nyaniso zezempilo zisaziwa ngokubanzi, kukho enye inkcukacha malunga nokusetyenziswa kwecuba ekufuneka ithathelwe ingqalelo: Injalo kakhulu likhoboka. Ngokwezibalo zoMbutho wezeMpilo weHlabathi, bangaphezulu kwesigidi sezigidi abantu abatshayayo kwihlabathi liphela (kubandakanya neepesenti ezili-16 zabo bonke abantu baseMelika). Ngokomndilili, iipesenti ezingama-75 zabo bonke abatshayayo baxela ukufuna ukuyeka ngaxa lithile, nangona uninzi lwabo luphela luye luye ekugqibeleni.

Bezama ukuqonda ukuba yintoni eyenza icuba libe likhoboka kangaka, abaphandi baye bahlola indlela inikotini nezinye izinto eziyimichiza ezifumaneka kwicuba ezinokuba nayo kwingqondo yomntu. Ngokuqinisekileyo bukhona ubungqina obucebisa ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwecuba okungapheliyo kunokukhokelela ekuxhomekekeni komzimba kunye nakwimiphumo yokurhoxa efanayo naleyo yenzekayo nezinye izinto zengqondo.

Kodwa ngaba oku kwanele ukucacisa ukuba kutheni abantu bethambekele ekubuyeleni kwakhona? Uhlalutyo olutsha lweemeta olupapashwe kwiphephancwadi Uvavanyo kunye nonyango lwezengqondo uthi ayisiyiyo. Ibhalwe nguLea M. Martin noMichael A. Sayette weYunivesithi yasePittsburgh, uphando lwabo luvavanya indima enokudlalwa zizinto ekuhlaleni ekutshayeni nasekuthini oku kunokuthetha ntoni kubantu abazama ukuyeka.

Njengokuba uMartin noSayette besitsho kuphononongo lwabo, ukuba likhoboka le-nicotine akwanele ngokwalo ukucacisa ukuba kutheni abantu abatshayayo benengxaki yokuyeka. Nangona unyango lokutshintshwa kwenicotine lufumaneka ngokubanzi, elona nyani lempumelelo yokunceda abantu bayeke ukutshaya ibilulamile. Kananjalo, abantu abatshayayo nje ngokufuthi bahlala benengxaki yokuyeka ukutshaya njengabantu abatshayayo abangapheliyo - nangona bengathathi kwinqanaba lenicotine efunekayo ukuvelisa iziphumo zokurhoxa.

Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, abaphandi bebejonga nzulu imeko yeemvakalelo nezentlalo yokusetyenziswa kwecuba kunye nendlela abanokuqinisa ngayo isidingo sokutshaya kubantu abaninzi. Umzekelo, uphononongo lubonisa ukuba ukutshaya kuqheleke ngakumbi kubantu abajamelene nobunzima ekuhlaleni okanye ngolunye uhlobo abahlelelekileyo luluntu. Oku kubandakanya abantu abanengxaki yokugula ngengqondo, abathi baphinde batshaye kabini xa kuthelekiswa nabantu abangenasifo sengqondo.

Ukutshaya kuxhaphake kakhulu kwintolongo apho iisigarethi kunye necuba ziye zaba yimali engatshintshiyo phakathi kwamabanjwa. Ukutshaya kuxhaphake kakhulu kubantu abambalwa (kubandakanya ubuhlanga kunye nesini esincinci), naphakathi kwabantu abanamanqanaba asezantsi emfundo kunye nenqanaba lentlalo noqoqosho. Uninzi lwala maqela ahlelelekileyo lukwabonisa iimfuno zokhathalelo lwempilo oluphezulu kakhulu, kunye nokuba mancinci amathuba okuphumelela ukuyeka kunabantu ngokubanzi.

Enye into ebihoyiwe kakhulu ngabaphandi ukuza kuthi ga ngoku yindima edlalwa kukutshaya ngelixa usenza unxibelelwano. Ngokophando olunye lowama-2009, isinye kwisithathu sayo yonke imidiza etshaywayo iyatshaywa ngabantu abakwiimeko zentlalo, kwaye abantu abaninzi abatshayayo, xa bebona abanye abantu betshaya, kunokwenzeka ukuba nabo bayatshaya. Nokuba uthelekisa abantu abatshayayo rhoqo nabo batshaya ngamanye amaxesha, le patheni isabambelele.

Kuphando lwakutsha nje oluvela e-United Kingdom, abantu abatshayayo bahlala bejonga ukuba sesona sizathu sokutshaya, into eyinyani ikakhulu kubantu abatshayayo abangaphantsi kweminyaka engama-35. yenza njalo kumatheko njengendlela yokudibanisa nesihlwele.

Nangona olu nxibelelwano luphakathi kokutshaya nokunxulumana lunomdla ofanayo nolunye uhlobo lweziyobisi, ezinje ngotywala nentsangu, akukacaci ukuba kutheni unxibelelwano olunjalo lukhona. Oku kusizisa kwindima enokubakho ukuba ukuxhomekeka kwenicotine kunye nokurhoxa kunokudlala ekusebenzeni kwentlalo. Kuhlalutyo lwabo lwe-meta, uMartin no-Sayette bavavanya uvavanyo lwe-13 lokuvavanya uvavanyo lwe-nicotine kubantu abahlukeneyo, kubandakanya nabangatshayiyo, ukumisela ukuba ukubonakaliswa kwe-nicotine kuyiphembelela njani indlela yokuziphatha kwezentlalo. Izifundo zisebenzise uluhlu lweendlela ezahlukeneyo zokwenza i-nicotine kubathathi-nxaxheba, kubandakanya nokusetyenziswa kwecuba, i-nicotine gum, i-nasal sprays, kunye ne-nicotine patches. Umsebenzi wentlalontle walinganiswa ngokwazi ukukhetha izinto ezingekho mthethweni kwezentlalo, ezinje ngembonakalo yobuso, usebenzisa ukuhlangana komntu nomntu kunye nekhompyuter.

Ngokusekwe kwiziphumo zabo, uMartin no-Sayette bafumana ubungqina obomeleleyo bokuba ukusetyenziswa kwe-nicotine kuyanceda ukukhulisa ukusebenza kwentlalo. Abazange bathathe inxaxheba kuphela ekuchazeni ukuba bangabahlobo, baxhalabile, kwaye banexhala ekuhlaleni emva kokungenisa i-nicotine, kodwa ukusetyenziswa kwe-nicotine kuncede ekuphuculeni ukuqonda kwezentlalo nakubuso xa kuthelekiswa nabathathi-nxaxheba abaye bayekisa ukusebenzisa i-nicotine iiyure ezingama-24 okanye ngaphezulu. Olunye uphononongo lukwabonise ukuba abantu abanengxaki yokurhoxiswa kwe-nicotine bafumana iingxaki ezinkulu ekusebenzeni koluntu ngokuthelekiswa nabangengabo abasebenzisi.

Ezi ziphumo zibonisa ukuba abantu abanokuba namava obunzima ekuhlaleni, nokuba kungenxa yeengxaki zemvakalelo okanye ezinye izinto, banokubanakho ukuxhomekeka kwicuba njengendlela yokoyisa uxinzelelo lwentlalo. Oku kunceda ukucacisa ukuba kutheni ukuyeka ukutshaya kunokuba nzima kubantu abaninzi, abakubona kufanelekile ukunxibelelana nabanye.

Kananjalo, kuba abantu abatshayayo kunokwenzeka ukuba banxibelelane nabanye abantu abatshayayo, ukuzama ukuyeka ukutshaya kuya kuthetha ukunciphisa kwizimo zentlalo apho icuba lisetyenziswa khona kwaye, ngenxa yoko, ukwahluka ngakumbi xa usenza ubuhlobo obutsha kunye nenethiwekhi yoluntu apho icuba alisetyenziswanga. Zonke ezinokwenza iingxaki ezinjengokurhoxa inicotine kunzima kakhulu ukoyisa, kuba uninzi lwabantu alunakulungela ukuphatha le nto inokuthetha ntoni ngokusebenza kwabo ekuhlaleni, ubuncinci ngexesha elifutshane.

Nangona uphando oluthe kratya luyafuneka, ezi zifundo zibonisa indima enokusetyenziswa yinikotini kunye nokurhoxa kwenikotini kubomi bentlalo yabantu abatshayayo. Nangona uninzi lwabantu abatshayayo luzama ukuyeka ngamanye amaxesha, olu nxibelelwano phakathi kokusebenzisa inicotine kunye nokusebenza kwentlalo kunceda ukucacisa ukuba kutheni ukubuyela umva kuqhubeka kuyinto exhaphakileyo. Ngelixa eli khonkco lingahoywanga ubukhulu becala ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, ukuqonda indlela imeko yezentlalo enokuqinisa ngayo ukusetyenziswa kwe-nicotine kunokubonelela ngokuqonda okungcono kwesizathu sokuba ukutshaya kunokuba likhoboka. Kwaye, ekuhambeni kwexesha, inokuvula indlela yeendlela ezisebenzayo zokunceda ukutshaya kuyeke ngokupheleleyo.