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Umxholo

• Ukuxhaphaza Kubalulekile Ukufunda
• Ukuxhatshazwa Kwindawo Yasemsebenzini kukuDlala: Dibana nabalinganiswa aba-6

Ngaphezu kweminyaka engamashumi amabini, uluntu belusilwa idabi elingaphumeleliyo ngokuchasene "nobhubhane wokuxhatshazwa." Ngenxa yokuba sithembele kubaphandi kwisisombululo, kodwa abaphandi bahlala becebisa iinkqubo ngaphandle kweziphumo ezibi, ndibhale isiqwenga seminyaka esibhozo eyadlulayo ebizwa ngokuba, "Inyathelo lokuQala lokuPhelisa iMbandezelo yokuXhatshazwa." Ima ngelithi asisokuze siwuguqule umkhondo kweli phulo de abaphandi baqale ukubuza imibuzo malunga nokuxhaphaza.

Kwimihlali yam enkulu, kupapashwe iphepha labafundi elisebenza kanye. "Iingcinga zeempembelelo zeIatrogenic zeNkqubo zokuThintela ukuXhaphaza iSikolo," ebhalwe nguKaryn L. Healy, Ph.D., weQIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, e-Australia, uthatha inyathelo elibukhali lokuqaqambisa iziphumo ezingaphelelanga nje Ungenelelo oluchasene nokuxhatshazwa lusebenza kakuhle, kunokuba njalo iatrogenic , ukudala iingxaki kumaxhoba.

Ukugula kwe-Iatrogenic

Ingqondo yokugula kwe-iatrogenic iye yaqwalaselwa ubuncinci ukusukela ngexesha likaHippocrates. Iatrogenic kuthetha ukuba isigulo sibangelwa okanye sisonyanyiswa ngugqirha okanye indawo yezonyango enoxanduva lokunyanga isigulana. Izinto ezininzi zinokungahambi kakuhle. Singafumana iintsholongwane kunye neentsholongwane ezivela kwezinye izigulana esibhedlele. Oogqirha kunye nezinye iingcali zinokwenza iimpazamo ezingaziwayo. Amayeza anganokunxibelelana okungalindelekanga kunye neziphumo ebezingalindelekanga.

Ngokuchasene noko, xa kufikwa kungenelelo lokulwa nokuxhatshazwa, bambalwa abaphandi abaqwalasele ukubanokuba yi-iatrogenic.

Andinguye umphandi, kodwa yingcali. Ndifundele ukusebenza kwengqondo ngenxa yokuthanda ukufunda ukunceda abantu ekusombululeni iingxaki zabo.

Ngaphezulu kweminyaka engama-20, bendixoxa ukuba indawo ye-orthodox yokuxhaphaza kwengqondo (okanye ulwaphulo-mthetho , njengoko ndikhetha ukuyibiza) yi-iatrogenic, nangona ndingazange ndalisebenzisa elo gama ngaphambili. Ukulwa nesifo sephepha kubangelwa ngumsebenzi kaProf. Xa ndayivavanya, ndagqiba kwelokuba ayinakusebenza kuba ichaza ungenelelo oluchasene nemigaqo emiselweyo yengqondo kunye nonyango lwengqondo.

Ukunyanga ii-hypotheses njenge-axioms

Imigaqo ekhuthazwa kukungavisisani- ukuba amaxhoba awananto yakwenza nokuxhatshazwa, ukuba isisombululo kufuneka sibandakanye uluntu lonke, ukuba abo babekeleyo bangundoqo ekunqandeni ukungcungcuthekiswa, ukuba abantwana mabaxelele abaphathi besikolo xa bexhatshazwa- ngokwenyani ziingcinga ezifunekayo ukungqinisisa. Nangona kunjalo, baphathwa njenge ii-axioms -Iinyani eziyimfuneko ezixhaswayo ngaphandle kobungqina obuchasene nazo. Abaphandi beenkqubo zokuchasana nokuxhaphaza bahlala begqiba kwelokuba bayasebenza nangona bekufumene okuchaseneyo. Owona mzekelo wakutshanje kukuhlaziywa kwemeta kokusebenza kweenkqubo zokulwa ubundlobongela, ezipapashwe kwindawo edumileyo Ijenali yoMbutho Wezonyango waseMelika . Nasi isiphelo sabaphandi:

Ngaphandle kwee-ESs ezincinci [ubungakanani besiphumo] kunye nokungafani kwengingqi ekusebenzeni, ifuthe labemi bongenelelo lokulwa nokuxhatshazwa kwabafundi lubonakala lukhulu.

Ubungakanani besiphumo esincinci ubukhulu ? Ngokwenene?

Ukutyhila iziphumo ezingalunganga

Kwiphepha lakhe langoku, iithagethi zikaHealy ngakumbi isicwangciso esaziwayo sokukhuthaza abantu ukuba bangenelele kumaxhoba ngokuchasene nabaxhaphazi. Ngelixa ndibhale amanqaku ambalwa aneenkcukacha malunga nongenelelo lwababukeli, kuyahlaziya ukufumana umphandi esenza njalo. U-Healy ucebisa ngeenkcazo zesiphumo esinokubakho sokuphambanisa kwesi sixhobo sokulwa nokulwa nokuxhaphaza, esekwe ekuqondeni kokunxibelelana phakathi kwabantu kunokuba kube kukucinga ngento enqwenelekayo yokuba ukungcungcutheka kuya kuthi shwaka ukuba wonke umntu uyala ukukunyamezela.

U-Healy unika ingxelo ngeziphumo zophando:

Ngaphandle kwemizamo emanyeneyo yamazwe aphesheya, iinkqubo zokuthintela ukuxhatshazwa zikhokelele ekunciphiseni ukuxhaphaza kubundlobongela ... ... kodwa akukho sibonelelo sabafundi bezikolo eziziisekondari.

Uqhubeka ngakumbi nebango elinqabileyo:

Ngaphaya koko, nokuba ungenelelo ngoncedo lunciphisa uxhatshazo ngokubanzi, lusenokukhokelela kwiziphumo ezinganeno kwaphela kubafundi abaxhatshazwayo emva kokuphunyezwa kwenkqubo.

Ewe, ungenelelo lunokubangela ingozi kwabo balufuna kakhulu uncedo. Ngelishwa, izifundo zophando zihlala zityeshela ukuqaphela ukubanakho ukuba iinkqubo zokulwa ubundlobongela zinokuba neziphumo ebezingalindelekanga.

Impazamo yabaphandi

Ukulinganisa ukusebenza kongenelelo ngoncedo lokuxhatshazwa kwabafundi, kukho izinto ezahlukeneyo abaphandi abazilinganisayo ngokubanzi. Enye kukuncitshiswa kobundlongondlongo. Okwesibini kukucuthwa kwepesenti yabantwana abaxhatshazwayo ubuncinci kabini okanye nangaphezulu ngenyanga .

Ukuxhaphaza Kubalulekile Ukufunda

Ukuxhatshazwa Kwindawo Yasemsebenzini kukuDlala: Dibana nabalinganiswa aba-6