Izifundo zamawele kunye "neLifa leMvelo lokuTyeba"

"Oko kwakubonakala ngathi ngumsinga ongenakuphela wamawele angamadoda aneminyaka esibhozo ubudala wayegalela egumbini. Iwele emva kwewele ... ubuso babo, ubuso babo obuphindaphindiweyo bokuba kwakukho omnye kuphela phakathi kweqela labo ... (iphe. 172) "... Ihlabathi elitsha elinenkalipho . (1932) Nanku "umgaqo wokuveliswa kwemveliso ekugqibeleni wasetyenziswa kwibhayoloji:" (iphe.9) ukwenziwa kwezigidi zamawele afanayo, (kwaye "hayi amaqhina nabathathu njengamaxesha amandulo") (iphepha 8) kodwa "uphuculo olumangalisayo kwindalo" (iphe. 8) eyayenzelwe ukudala uzinzo kwezentlalo.

Imifanekiso ye Ihlabathi elitsha elinenkalipho ziyothusa kwaye ziyagxotha, kodwa amawele abenomdla ebantwini kuyo yonke imbali. Kukho amawele angumfanekiso weentsomi zamaRoma, uRomulus noRemus, abancanciswa yingcuka, noRomulus wabo owafumana iRoma yakudala. Kwaye kukho amawele amabini ahlukeneyo uYakobi noEsawu kwiNcwadi yeGenesis: uEsawu, "owokuqala waphuma ebomvu lonke, lonke njengengubo yoboya." (Genesis 25:25) "Yabona, uEsawu umntakwethu yindoda exhonti, mna ndiyindoda egudileyo." (IGenesis 27:11) (Ngoguqulelo oluhlekisayo lwesi sicatshulwa sivela kwiGenesis, mamela le ntshumayelo, Thatha iPew, ngu-Alan Bennett, osuka Ngaphandle komda: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UOsYN---eGk.) Kwaye kwiShakespeare Ngobusuku beshumi elinesibini , amawele uViola noSebastian bafana ngokusondeleyo, bachazwa njengo "buso bunye, ilizwi elinye, umkhwa omnye kunye nabantu ababini. Umbono wendalo, oko kukuthi, kwaye awukho," utshilo uDuke. Kwaye u-Antonio wongeza, "Uzahlule njani? Ukuqhekeka kwe-apile kubini akukho mawele ngaphezu kwezi zidalwa zimbini." (UMthetho V, Isiqendu 1)

Nangona uViola noSebastian bekunzima ukwahlula omnye komnye, bona, njengamadoda nabasetyhini, amawele, okanye i-dizygotic (DZ) amawele kwaye avele kwi-utero ukusuka ekuchumiseni ngaxeshanye kwamaqanda amabini ngesidoda. Babelana, njengabanye abantakwenu kusapho, kuphela yi-50% ye-DNA yabo. Amawele afanayo okanye e-monozygotic (MZ) avela kulwahlulo lwemibungu enye kwaye abelana ngokuyintloko nge-100% ye-DNA yabo kwaye ke bahlala besini esinye. Ukuzimisela ukuxilonga ukuseka i-zygosity linyathelo lokuqala lokuvavanya amawele kwaye ihlala yenziwa ngokuvavanya umbala weenwele, amehlo, ukumila kweendlebe, umlomo, amazinyo, kunye nezinye izinto ezibonakalayo, kubandakanya iminwe, kunye nophando lweqela lwe-antigen. . (UBörjeson, Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica , 1976)

Isiphakamiso sokusebenzisa amawele kuphando sihlala sinxulunyaniswa noMnumzana Francis Galton, umzala kaCharles Darwin, ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19. UGalton wapapasha iincwadi ezimbini, kubandakanya Imbali yamawele Kwaye ndinomdla wokwahlula "phakathi kweempembelelo zotyekelo olufunyenwe ngexesha lokuzalwa kunye nolo lubekwe ziimeko ezithile zobomi," okt, phakathi kwendalo nokondla. (njengoko kucatshulwe kwiGedda, Amawele kwimbali nakwinzululwazi , 1961, iphe. 24-25) UGalton, nangona kunjalo, akazange athelekise amawele obuzalwana nalawo afanayo ukuze "angathathwa njengomsunguli wendlela yamawele." (I-Teo kunye neBhola, Imbali yeeNzululwazi zaBantu , 2009)

Abanye abaphandi balandela kodwa kukho icala elimnyama kumawele ophando ekuqaleni nasephakathi kweminyaka yenkulungwane yama-20, njengoko oku kungqinwa ngumsebenzi ka-von Verschuer, owayengumcebisi kaJosef Mengele, owayedume kakubi ngamawele akhe e-Auschwitz ngexesha leHlabathi. Imfazwe yesibini. Kuyabonakala ukuba uVon Verschuer, owayesisazinzulu esihloniphekileyo, wayengumNazi kunye no-anti-Semite owayenobundlobongela osebenzise izifundo zakhe ezingamawele ukuqhubela phambili ucalucalulo ngokobuhlanga. (UMüller-Hill, Imbali kunye nefilosofi yeSayensi yoBomi , 1999) Kuxelwe ukuba, uMengele wathumela iisampulu zamehlo kunye neesampulu zegazi ezivela kumawele angama-200 apho wayeqhuba khona uphando lomntu olungekho mthethweni, ku-von Verschuer ukuze ahlolwe. Kuphela yi-10% yala mawele asindayo kulingo lukaMengele. (Müller-Hill, 1999) Ngengxoxo yokugqwethwa kwesayensi ngu-von Verschuer kunye no-Mengele kunye nokubaluleka kokuzibophelela "ukubeka izilangazelelo zesigulana phambili kunalezo zikagqirha," jonga uColler, Ijenali yoPhando lweKlinikhi , 2006, ogxininisa ukuba zine "iinqobo ezisemgangathweni zobuntu kwezonyango: ukuxabiseka okanye ubungcwele bobomi bomntu ngamnye; ukuhlonipha isidima somntu, ukubhiyozela iyantlukwano yoluntu, kunye noxabiso lovelwano ngobunzima bemeko yomntu." (Coller, 2006) Kwaye kwingxoxo yokushiywa kunye "nembali yohlaziyo" yamawele ophando afunyenwe kwezinye iincwadi zezifundo, jonga iTeo neBhola, 2009.

Abaphandi bokuqala benkulungwane yama-20, kubandakanya u-von Verschuer, nangona kunjalo, baqala ukuqaphela indima yemfuza ngokukodwa kwicandelo lokutyeba kakhulu. UGqirha George A. Bray, kwincwadi yakhe yobufundisi, Imfazwe yeBulge (2007), uphonononge imbali yophando lokutyeba kakhulu kwaye uphinde washicilela amaphepha okuqala nguDavenport (iphe. 474 ff) (1923), kunye no-von Verschuer (iphe. 492 ff) (1927.) UDavenport, osebenzise umlinganiso yazi njengesalathiso sobunzima bomzimba (BMI), yaba yeyokuqala ukufunda ubudlelwane bemfuza kunye nokusingqongileyo ekutyebeni kakhulu kwaye yabuza, "Ude kangakanani lo mahluko ekwakheni phakathi kwabantu ababhityileyo nabanenyama exhomekeke kwimiba yomgaqo-siseko?" (iphe. 474) Ivela kuGqirha Bray (owayiboleka kumcebisi uEdwin B. Astwood) (iphe. 148) endathi ndathabatha itayitile yam Ilifa lemveli lokufa .

Izifundo ezikhulu zamawele zilandelwe, kubandakanya nomphandi waseSweden uBörjeson (1976), ohlalutye ukubaluleka kwendalo kunye nokusingqongileyo ngokuthelekisa umahluko phakathi kwamawele kwi-MZ kunye ne-DZ, kunye nemifanekiso yamawele avela apha. Ngaphaya koko, umphandi waseCanada uClaude Bouchard kunye noogxa bakhe bayile into yabo ebizwa ngokuba lixesha elide elithi "Quebec Overfeeding Study," apho bafunda khona izibini ezilishumi elinambini zamawele angamadoda ahlala phantsi kolawulo lweentsuku ezili-120 kwiyunithi yokunyangwa. I-1000 eyongezelelweyo yeekhalori ngosuku ngalunye kwiintsuku ezintandathu ngeveki kwi-84 yezo ntsuku. (UBouchard okqhubekayo, Ijenali eNtsha yaseNgilani yoNyango , 1990; U-Redden no-Allison, UPhononongo lokuTyeba kakhulu , 2004; Ukhusela, Ijenali yaseMelika yoNyango lweKlinikhi , 2009; UBouchard okqhubekayo, Ijenali yaMazwe ngaMazwe yokuTyeba kakhulu , 2014; Ukutyeba kobunzima be-8.1 kg kodwa kwaqala ukusuka kwi-4.3 ukuya kwi-13.3 kg. Ngokumangalisayo, ukugqithisa ngokweqile kukhokelele kubunzima bomzimba obufanayo kunye neepesenti zokufumana amafutha ngaphakathi kwezibini ze-MZ, kodwa kwabakho ukwahluka okuphindwe kathathu phakathi kwezibini ezahlukeneyo kunakwizibini. Ngamanye amagama, ulawulo olungqongqo lwenani elifanayo lokutya okuthe kratya kunye nokusebenza okungaphelelanga komzimba kuvelise iimpendulo ezahlukeneyo ngokobunzima bomzimba, ukwakheka komzimba, kunye nokusasazwa kwamafutha engingqi kumawele ahlukileyo. U-Bouchard ugxininise ukuba ukusukela nakuphi na ukuhlangana kwendalo okusingqongileyo kuhlala kuyinto encinci, abaphandi kufuneka bazame ukunciphisa impazamo kwaye enye indlela yokuthintela impazamo kukulinganisa ngokwenyani kobude kunye nobunzima endaweni yokuxhomekeka kwiingxelo ezizezakho eziqhelekileyo kwizifundo ezininzi . (Ukukhusela, Ukutyeba kakhulu, Ukongeza, u-Bouchard ucacisile ukuba "ukwahluka kwabantu," kubandakanya "ukumiselwa kwezinto eziphilayo" kwezinye izinto ezinokuchaphazeleka ekuzuzeni ubunzima okanye ekunciphiseni ubunzima, "yinto efunekayo kuqala" kukhangelo lwayo nayiphi na indibaniselwano yofuzo kunye nokusingqongileyo kunye ekuchongeni ekugqibeleni iintlobo ezithile zofuzo. (UBouchard, 2008)

Kuyo yonke le minyaka, abaninzi badale ekuthiwa-njalo ukubhaliswa kwamawele Amawakawaka ama-MZ kunye ne-DZ amawele, kubandakanya lawo aseNorway, eSweden naseFinland, nase-US, (umz. .) Waziwa njengomphandi wokutyeba kakhulu u-Albert (Mickey) Stunkard, umzekelo, wasebenzisa ubhaliso lwamawele aseSweden naseDenmark kwezinye zezifundo zakhe. (Jou, I-NEJM Stunkard okqhubekayo (2014) JAMA , 1986) wasebenzisa iRegistry ye-NAS-NRC ukuvavanya ngaphezulu kwamawele e-1900 MZ nangaphezulu kwamawele e-DZ angama-2000 ukuvavanya iminikelo yemfuza kubude, ubunzima, kunye ne-BMI kwisifundo sokulandela, sexesha elide (iminyaka engama-25). "Ukutyeba komntu kuphantsi kolawulo olomeleleyo lwemfuza." Abaphandi bavumile, nangona kunjalo, ukuba uqikelelo lobume belifa bungaphantsi kokugxekwa, kokubini kujongelwa phantsi kwaye kugqithiselwe kulindeleke, umzekelo, phakathi kweminye imithombo yokhetho, kwiimpazamo ekumiseleni i-zygosity okanye nakwi-assortative mating (apho amaqabane ethanda ukutshata Iqabane lokwakha elifanayo.) U-Heymsfield kunye noogxa (Allison okqhubekayo, Indlela yokuziphatha , 1996) ikwagxininisile into yokuba "uyilo lwamawele asemgangathweni" wokutyeba kakhulu akubandakanyi idatha enje ngobunzima babantu abatshatileyo kwaye nokuba ukutshatiswa okungathandabuzekiyo (okt.

Kwisifundo sabo esiqhelekileyo samawele, uStunkard et al ( NEJM, Ngo-1990) kuvavanywa ama-93 amawele afanayo akhuliswe ngokwahlukeneyo (enye yezona ndlela zisebenzayo zokuchonga ukubaluleka kofuzo ekwabelwana ngalo kwindawo ekwabelwana ngayo); Iili-154 izibini zamawele afanayo akhuliswe kunye; Amawele angama-218 amawele akhuliswe ngokwahlukeneyo, kwaye amawele angama-208 amawele akhuliswe kunye, onke ayevela kwiRegistry yaseSweden edibanisa izifundo ezingamawele kunye nezifundo zokuthathwa. Amawele avavanywe kwiminyaka yabo yama-50, kunye nabasetyhini abangama-60%. Nangona kunjalo, nangona amawele ekhuliswa ngokwahlukeneyo, anokufana omnye nomnye ukuba imeko yawo yokukhulisa iyafana (umz. Abohlulwe kubazali babo bokwenyama, phantse isiqingatha samawele bohlulwe kunyaka wokuqala wobomi, ngokufuthi ngenxa yokusweleka, isifo, okanye ubunzima bezezimali kusapho lwemvelaphi. UStunkard okqhubekayo bafumene ubungqina obomeleleyo bempembelelo yobume kwi-BMI, kwaye bafumanisa ukuba iimpembelelo zemfuza zinwenwela kuwo onke amanqanaba obunzima, okt. Bakwaphawule ukuba amawele afanayo akhuliswe ngokwahlukeneyo ayenolungelelwaniso lwangaphakathi lwe-0.70 yamadoda kunye ne-0.66 yabasetyhini kwi-BMI kwaye baqukumbela kolu phononongo lokuba iimeko zobuntwana azinampembelelo incinci. Bayalumkisa, nangona kunjalo, "ubume bempilo abuthethi kuthi bungagungqi, impembelelo yemfuza engaguqukiyo," kodwa kunefuthe lofuzo phantsi kweemeko ezithile zokusingqongileyo. (UStunkard okqhubekayo, 1990) Kula migca, uAllison, uHymsfield kunye noogxa bakhe (Ukholo et al, Ijenali yaMazwe ngaMazwe yokuTyeba kakhulu, 2012) bagxininise ukubaluleka kokuqwalaselwa kwe umxholo wokulinganisa apho imeko yendalo esingqongileyo ehambelana noyilo lwesifundo (umz.Ukufunda amawele ngexesha lokutya kwabo) kunokuba nefuthe kwiziphumo.

Kule minyaka idlulileyo, u-Allison, u-Heymsfield kunye noogxa babo basebenzise uyilo lwamawele okudala ukuvavanya ubudlelwane balokho kubizwa ngokuba Uyilo lwemfuzo kwindalo esingqongileyo, kubandakanywa ngexesha lesibeleko (Allison okqhubekayo, Ijenali yaMazwe ngaMazwe yokuTyeba kunye nokuphazamiseka kweMetabolic Baye basebenzisa le modeli ukufundisisa isalathiso sobunzima bomzimba kunye noxinzelelo lwegazi (Allison okqhubekayo, Ijenali yaseMelika yoNyango lwezeMpilo, 1995); ubunzima bomzimba kwisampulu yamawele abantwana (Ukholo et al, IPediatrics, 1999); ukutya okwekhalori (Ukholo okqhubekayo, Indlela yokuziphatha, 1999); kunye nokutya okuzilawulayo (Ukholo et al, Ijenali yaMazwe ngaMazwe yokuTyeba kakhulu , ILondon , 2012)

Okukwintsusa Izifundo ezingamawele ziye zavela ngexesha likaSir Francis Galton, owacebisa ukuba kusetyenziswe amawele ukohlula impembelelo yendalo kukhuliso, ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19. Ziye zasetyenziswa gwenxa ngabaphandi, njengamaNazi ngexesha leMfazwe yesibini (II) yeHlabathi. Ngokwembali, olona phando lubaluleke kakhulu kwicandelo lokutyeba kakhulu luvela kuGqr. UClaude Bouchard okqhubekayo, ovavanye ii-twins ezifanayo (ze-monozygote) eziphantsi kolawulo lwezigulana kwizifundo zakudala zaseQuebec zokufunda, kunye noMickey Stunkard okqhubekayo, ovavanye zombini i-monozygotic kunye ne-dizygotic eyamkele amawele ukwahlula okusingqongileyo kwiziphumo zemfuza, kwi kubizwe uyilo lwamawele akudala.

Nceda qaphela: Le nxalenye yecandelo ezimbini zebhlog ekusebenziseni amawele kuphando malunga nokukhuluphala. Icandelo lesi-II liya kuphonononga ngakumbi ngokusetyenziswa koyilo lwamawele apho elinye lamawele afanayo lingahambelani nolwalamano xa kuthelekiswa nolunye. Ngombulelo okhethekileyo kwabo bancedileyo ekulungiseleleni iiblogi mna no-II, bona ibhlog II.