Isinqe, ihips kunye neMo yeHyglglass Shape

Izifundo ezininzi-ngakumbi ezabafazi kwaye kunqabile ukuba zenziwe ngamadoda-zizamile ukufumanisa imilo yomzimba ethi inqanaba lesini esahlukileyo linomtsalane. Injongo eqhelekileyo kukuchonga amanqaku athile anokuvela njengeempawu ezibonisa amandla okuzala kwamaqabane. Kodwa ngaba ezo zikhombisi zilula ngokwenene zinokuba zizitshixo kwinkqubo entsonkothileyo yokukhetha iqabane lomntu?

Imiqondiso yokuthandana ngaphambi komtshato

Ndikhumbula ngokucacileyo izifundo zokuziphatha ngumntu owayesakuba ngumcebisi wam kuNiko Tinbergen kwiminyaka engamashumi amahlanu eyadlulayo. Okona kubangel 'umdla yayikukuphanda ngobuvulindlela bakhe bokuthandana kwintlanzi ephantsi, i-stick-backback. Njengokuba ixesha lokuzalela liqala, indoda endala imisa umhlaba kumanzi angekho nzulu kwaye yakha indlwane efana netonela ngeziqholo zotyani kumngxunya omncinci. Nawuphi na umntu obhinqileyo odlulayo enesisu esidumbileyo seqanda, wenza umdaniso we-zig-zag, kuqala aqubhe kuye emva koko amkhokelele kwindlwana. Imazi idada ngetonela, ifake amaqanda amaninzi, kwaye indoda iyalandela ukuze ichume. Emva koko, uhambisa amanzi esidlekeni ngeenxa zonke iwotshi ukuze avuse amaqanda.

Ulandelelwano lokuthandana ngaphambi komtshato lwakhokelela kwiTinbergen ekuqondeni ukonyusa umqondiso-uphawu olulula olukhupha impendulo ethile. Inwele ebuyayo kwindawo yakhe yokuzala ikhula ngombala oqaqambileyo esifubeni, ezitsala iimazi kwaye zibangele ubundlongondlongo kwamanye amadoda. Kwangokunjalo, isisu esithwele iqanda labasetyhini luphawu lokukhuthaza ukuthandana kwamadoda. Usebenzisa iidummies ezingcolileyo eziphinda-phinda kuphela izinto ezibalulekileyo, uTinbergen ubonise ukuba idummy enomqala obomvu "eyindoda", ehanjiswe kwifashoni ye-zig-zag, itsala umntu wasetyhini kwindlwana, ngelixa iduma elinebhanti elidumbileyo "ibhinqa" livusa ukuthandana kwamadoda. Ewe, i-Tinbergen ibonakalise ukuba uphawu olugqithisileyo-isikhuthazo esingaphaya kwamandla-sinokusebenza ngakumbi. Umzekelo, "iduna" enesifuba esibomvu esingaphaya kwesiqhelo ikhuphe ubukrwada kumadoda ovavanyo.

Ukukhupha imiqondiso kubafazi?

Nangona indlela yokuziphatha kwabantu intsonkothe ​​kakhulu, abaphandi bafune imiqondiso efanayo kwabasetyhini. Kwimvavanyo esemgangathweni yovavanyo bayacelwa ukuba babhale umtsalane kwimifanekiso emi-2. Ukulandela amaphepha amabini okugqibela ngu-Devendra Singh kwi-1993, kugxilwe kugxininiso phakathi kwesinqe kunye nobubanzi behips kulwandiso lomzimba womfazi, ebonisa ukuhanjiswa kwamafutha omzimba. Isinqe: i-hip ratios (WHRs) ayifane idibane phakathi kwesini. Iimpawu eziphilileyo eziqhelekileyo ziyi-0.67-0.80 yabasetyhini be-premenopausal kunye ne-0.85-0.95 yamadoda. Ukuqaphela ukuba "zonke iingcinga zokukhetha iqabane lomntu ngokusekwe kwimigaqo yendaleko zicinga ukuba umtsalane unika uphawu oluthembekileyo kwixabiso lokuzala lomfazi .........", izifundo zokuqala zikaSingh zibonise ukuba amadoda ngokubanzi alinganisa amanani abantu basetyhini ane-WHR esezantsi 0.7 inomtsalane ngakumbi kunayo nayiphi na enamaxabiso aphezulu.

Ukugqithisa okugqithileyo kwimilo yeglassglass kwi-corsets ye-19th "ye-wasp-waist" iye yatolikwa njengeyona nto ikhuthazayo yokuqaqambisa ubuhle babasetyhini. Ngokudabukisayo, nangona kunjalo, imifuziselo ye- "Venus" evela kwi-Palaeolithic - ene-WHR ratios ejikeleze i-1.3-itolikwe ngendlela efanayo.

Izifundo ezalandelayo ziqinisekisile ngokubanzi ukuba amadoda ngokubanzi azilinganisela iimilo zomzimba zabasetyhini nge-WHR phakathi kwe-0.6 kunye ne-0.8 njengezona zinomtsalane. Ngaphaya koko, ukuthanda i-WHR esezantsi kuyahambelana kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo kunye neenkcubeko. Kwi Ukwabelana ngesondo kwangaphambili , Iirekhodi zika-Alan Dixson zikhetha ixabiso le-WHR le-0.6 labafundi baseyunivesithi baseTshayina kunye nabazingeli baseHadza abazingeli baseTanzania, i-0.7 yamaNdiya kunye ne-Caucasian American, kunye ne-0.8 yamadoda eBakossiland, eCameroon. Kwiphepha lowama-2010, uBarnaby Dixson kunye noogxa bakhe basebenzise umkhondo wamehlo ukuvavanya ukuthanda kwamadoda kwi-WHR yabasetyhini kunye nobungakanani bebele. Barekhode ukulungiswa kwasekuqaleni kunye namaxesha okuhlala kwamadoda abukela imifanekiso engaphambi komfazi ofanayo owaphathwa ngendlela eyahlukileyo kwi-WHR (0.7 okanye 0.9) kunye nobukhulu bebele. Ngaphakathi kwi-millisecond ezingama-200 zokuqala kovavanyo ngalunye, nokuba ngamabele okanye esinqeni kukhuphe ukulungiswa kokubonakalayo kokuqala. Imifanekiso ene-WHR ye-0.7 ibalwe njengeyona inomtsalane, ngaphandle kobungakanani besifuba.

Konxibelelwano luka-1998, nangona kunjalo, uDouglas Yu kunye noGlenn Shepard baxela ukuba ukuthanda amadoda kwabasetyhini abane-WHR ephantsi akunakuba yinkcubeko kwindalo iphela. Beqaphele ukuba "yonke inkcubeko evavanyiweyo ukuza kuthi ga ngoku ichanekile kwimpembelelo ezinokubakho zokuxakaniseka kwimithombo yeendaba zasentshona", aba babhali bavavanye izinto abazikhethileyo kubemi abazimeleyo ngokwenkcubeko yabantu baseMatsigenka bomzantsi mpuma wePeru. Amadoda aseMatisgenka akhetha izishwankathelo ezine-WHR ephezulu, echaza oku phantse ukubumba okune-tubular njengokuphila okunempilo. Kuvavanyo lwabanye abantu belali kwigradi yokunyuka kwentshona, ukhetho lwe-WHR ngokuthe ngcembe lwasondela kwabo baxelwa amazwe asentshona. U-Yu no-Shepard bagqibe kwelokuba iimvavanyo zangaphambili "zinokubonisa kuphela ukuxhaphaka kweendaba zasentshona". Kodwa olu phononongo luyingxaki kuba amadoda acelwe ukuba alinganise amanqaku asentshona kwizifundo zoqobo zikaSingh kunamanani afanelekileyo ngokwenkcubeko.

I-WHR xa ithelekiswa nobunzima bomzimba?

Ingxaki yamanani ebanzi yokuphazamiseka kwezinto eziguquguqukayo ikwangumbandela (jonga iposi yam kaJulayi 12, 2013 Umgibe wengwamza kunye nosana ). Enye into enokuthi ichaze unxibelelwano phakathi kwe-WHR esezantsi kunye nenqanaba lokutsala. Umzekelo, kuye kwacetyiswa ukuba eyona mpembelelo yokuqhuba sisalathiso sobunzima bomzimba (BMI).

Kwi-2011, u-Ian Holliday kunye noogxa bakhe basebenzise uhlalutyo lwemizimba yabasetyhini ekwakheni imifanekiso e-3-dimensional yecompyuter eyahlukileyo ngokwe-BMI okanye i-WHR. Ukulinganiswa komtsalane ngabo bobabini abantu besini ekuxelwe ukuba banxulumene nokwahluka kwi-BMI kodwa hayi kwi-WHR. Iskena sobuchopho esrekhodwe nge-MRI esebenzayo ngexesha lokuvavanywa kutyhila ukuba ukutshintsha kwemodyuli ye-BMI kwimisebenzi yenkqubo yomvuzo wobuchopho. Kwagqitywa kwelokuba ubunzima bomzimba, hayi ubume bomzimba, buqhuba ngokwenene.

Ukanti ngo-2010, isifundo senkcubeko eyahlukileyo esachazwa nguDevendra Singh, uBarnaby Dixson, uAlan Dixson nabanye baba neziphumo ezingafaniyo. Aba babhali bavumela iziphumo ezinokubakho ze-BMI ngokusebenzisa iifoto zovavanyo zabasetyhini abaye benziwa utyando lwe-cosmetic micrograft ukwenza isinqe esincinci kunye nokumila kwakhona kweempundu, ukutshintsha ngokuthe ngqo i-WHR. Kuzo zonke iinkcubeko kuvavanywa, amadoda agweba abafazi abane-WHR esezantsi njengabanomdla ngakumbi ngaphandle kokunyuka okanye ukwehla kwi-BMI.

Ezinye izizathu zokulumkisa

Ukutolikwa kwaso nasiphi na isibonisi esilula somtsalane wabasetyhini njenge-WHR akuthandabuzeki. Ukubonakaliswa kwe-RD ye-2D yomzimba womntu obhinqileyo osetyenziswa kakhulu kuvavanyo kukhulu kakhulu xa kuthelekiswa nenyani ye-3D. Ngaphaya koko, ulwandlalo lomzimba luboniswa ikakhulu kumbono wangaphambili. Kuncinci okwaziwayo malunga neempendulo zamadoda ngasemva okanye kwicala lokujonga, kungasathethwa ke kwinyani ye-3D iyonke.

Kwiphepha lika-2009, uJames Rilling kunye noogxa bakhe basebenzise inkqubo ebanzi yovavanyo ebandakanya iividiyo ze-3D kunye ne-2D isadubula kwiimodeli zabasetyhini zokwenene ezijikeleza esithubeni. Uhlalutyo lubonakalise ukuba ubunzulu besisu kunye nokujikeleza kwesinqe zezona zinto ziqinisekileyo zomtsalane, zigqitha i-WHR kunye ne-BMI.

Omnye umgqatswa ophambili wokutyobela ngokungqalileyo-inqwaba yeenwele zasesidlangalaleni ezikhula ngexesha lokufikisa kunye nokuphawula utshintsho kubufazi-kunqabile ukuba kuthathelwe ingqalelo. Umahluko okhoyo luphando lwakutsha nje olwenziwe nguChristopher Burris kunye noArmand Munteanu babafundi abangamadoda abafundela isidanga ukuba, phakathi kwezinye izinto, bavavanye iimpendulo kukwahluka okuphawuliweyo kweenwele zabasetyhini. Kuyamangalisa, ukungabikho ngokupheleleyo kweenwele ze-pubic kukalwe njengeyona nto ivusa kakhulu. Oku kwatolikwa ngengqondo eqinisekisiweyo enxibelelanisa iinwele ezandayo ze-pubic kwabasetyhini ukuya kumanqanaba aphezulu e-testosterone kunye nokungachumi kunye nokubonisa amanqanaba aphezulu emadodeni athambile ngokuqinisekileyo kuzalo lwabasetyhini. Kodwa inqaku elibalulekileyo, eliphazamisayo lidlulisiwe lingakhankanywanga: Kuyo nayiphi na imeko yokwenyani yendalo, ukusilela ngokupheleleyo kweenwele ze-pubic kufuneka ngokuqinisekileyo kubonise ukungachumi ngenxa yokungakhuli. Inokwenzeka njani into yokuba umntu achaze ukuthandwa kwe-bikini ye-bikini ye-waxing ngokwe-evolutionary terms?

Nokuba ziphi na iinkcukacha, kuya kufuneka silumkele nayiphi na inkcazo yendaleko enciphisa ukuhlangana okuntsonkothileyo kwabantu kwindlela elula yokuphendula yokuphendula.

Izalathiso

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U-Singh, D. (1993) ukubaluleka okuguqukayo komtsalane wabasetyhini: indima yesinqe ukuya kwi-hip ratio. Ijenali yoBuntu kunye neNtlalontle yezeNtlalontle65 :293-307.

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