'Ulwazi-malunga': Iziseko zokuziqhelanisa

Umxholo

• Amanqaku aphambili
• Umxholo wethu wezinyanya
• Umxholo wethu we-Ancestral waBantwana
• Indalo eguqukileyo
• Isiphelo

Amanqaku aphambili

• Ukuphuculwa kwempilo-ntle kufuneka ibe yinjongo yethu, hayi ukuphepha ukwenzakala.
• Ukuqonda impilo yoluntu kufuna ukuqonda okungafaniyo kokusebenza komntu kunye nophuhliso.
• Ulwazi malunga nokuba sempilweni kufuna ukuqonda kweentlobo-zokukhulisa umntwana (indlwane eguqukileyo).

Ukuziqhelanisa "nokwenzakala" kuthathela ingqalelo into yokuba abathengi okanye abafundi okanye abasebenzi baye boyikiswa, yiyo loo nto betshintsha izinto ezenziwa leli ziko ukuze zikhunjulwe. Ngokuchasene noko, ukuziqhelanisa "nokuphila kakuhle" kuthetha ukuqonda into enceda abantwana kunye nabantu abadala kunye namaqela ukuba baphumelele. Eliziko lisebenzisa olu lwazi kwizenzo zalo ukonyusa ubomi babantu kunye neqela. Njengoko "ulwazi-malunga nokuphila kakuhle" ingumbono omtsha, sidinga imvelaphi ngaphambi kokuba iindlela ezithile zichongwe kwimimandla ethile. Imvelaphi ngokubanzi kugxilwe apha.

Xa sithatha indlela eyahlukeneyo yokuphuhliswa komntu kunye nobume bomntu, sifumana iziseko zendlela yokuziphatha enolwazi. Yintoni esinokuyifunda?

• Ubunjani babantu bunokuthula ngakumbi kuneentsomi malunga nexesha elidlulileyo elinxulumene, ngokusekwe kwinkxaso yoluntu kunye nexabiso (Fry, 2006, 2013; Fry et al., 2021).
• Ukuguquguquka okuguqukayo koqwalaselo lweqela loluntu, ukuba asikho kwindlela emgceni esingenakubaleka (okt, ukuba singabuyela egalitarianism) (Graeber & Wengrow, 2018, 2021; Amandla, 2019).
• Yintoni efunekayo ukuxhasa ubudlelwane obuhloniphekileyo, obuzinzileyo kunye nendalo.
• Zeziphi iintlobo-eziqhelekileyo zokukhulisa abantu ababambiseneyo abasempilweni.
• Yintoni iintlobo zentlalo kunye nokuziphatha.
• Yintoni enceda abantu abadala baphumelele.

Kule posi, ndiphonononga iziseko zokuvavanya iindlela eziya kwimpilo-oko kukuthi, ukuziqhelanisa nolwazelelo. Kwizithuba ezilandelayo, ndiza kujonga kwimfundo enolwazi ngokuphila kakuhle, usapho kunye nobomi bomsebenzi.

Umxholo wethu wezinyanya

Izifundo ezininzi ze-anthropological zijolise kuluntu olungaphuhliswanga, zinika ukuqonda kwiminyaka engama-200,000 yobukho bethu njengezilwanyana, i-homo sapiens (uLee noDaly, 2005). Eminye imibutho yabantu ibikho ngaphezulu kweminyaka eyi-150,000, enje ngeSan Bushmen (iSuzman, 2017), enomgca wentsholongwane eyabelwana ngayo nabo bonke abantu abakhoyo (Henn et al., 2011). NjengamaBushmen, uninzi lwabantu abakhe bakhona bahlala kwiindawo zabazingeli. (Khumbula ukuba impucuko ibijikeleze inxenye kuphela yoluntu kule minyaka imbalwa idlulileyo.)

Ukubuyela umva, ukuthelekiswa kwezentlalo kunye nokuziphatha, kusetyenziswa izixhobo ze-neuroscience, kusinika ukuqonda kwizigidi zeminyaka yobukho bethu bohlobo njengenxalenye yomgca wemammalia ubukho amashumi ezigidi zeminyaka (umzekelo, sinezidingo zezilwanyana ezanyisayo. ) (umzekelo, (McDonald, 1998; Suzuki & Hirata, 2012) .Zizilwanyana ezanyisayo, umgca owavela kwiminyaka engama-20-40 yezigidi eyadlulayo, egcina uninzi lweempawu zobuchopho kunye neemfuno ezisisiseko zezilwanyana ezanyisayo ngokubanzi (UFranklin noMansuy, 2010; IPanksepp, 1998; ISpinka, iNewberry kunye neBekoff, 2001) .Izidingo ezisisiseko zibaluleke ngakumbi ukuhlangabezana nazo ebomini xa ingqondo nomzimba zisakhiwa, kubandakanya ukugcwaliswa ngokupheleleyo kweMaslow echongiweyo.

Izidingo zethu zezilwanyana zibandakanya ukondla kunye nobushushu kodwa iimfuno zethu zezilwanyana zasekhaya zibandakanya ukubamba ngothando, ukudlala, ukubopha ngokubanzi, kunye nenkxaso yoluntu (ICarter & Porges, 2013; Champagne, 2014; Chevrud & Wolf, 2009). Izifundo ze-anthropological zisibonisa ukuba nathi sikhula kakuhle xa sabelana nge-intersubjectivity ("limbic resonance;" Lewis Amini & Lannon, 2001) nabantu abadala abaninzi, xa bentywiliselwa kumasiko kunye namabali naxa abantwana befunda kwimisebenzi yabantu abadala (Hewlett & IMvana, 2005; Hrdy, 2009; Sorenson, 1998; Weissner, 2014).

Uhlobo lwehomo luchithe i-99% yobukho balo-i-95% kwizilwanyana zethu, i-homo sapiens-kwiibhanti zokutya (Fry, 2006). Oku kubonisa ukuba imizimba yethu kunye neengqondo zavela kwaye zahlengahlengiswa kule meko yookhokho, ebizwa ngokuba yindawo yokuziqhelanisa nendalo (Bowlby, 1969). Apho kubonakala ngathi kubaluleke kakhulu kwimpilo-ntle yexesha elide kukwasebuntwaneni.

Umxholo wethu we-Ancestral waBantwana

Ukuqwalaselwa komxholo wokhokho babantu waboniswa nguJohn Bowlby (1969) ngexesha le-1950s. Uye waphawula ukuba uqikelelo oluqhelekileyo malunga nokukhula komntwana olunikezwa kukuziphatha kunye noFreudian psychoanalysis ngelo xesha alunakucacisa iimpembelelo ezonakalisayo zabantwana abahlukaniswe ziintsapho kunye neenkedama ngexesha nasemva kweMfazwe yesibini (II) yeHlabathi. Usebenzisa indlela yokuziphatha, waqonda ukuba abantwana bafuna ngaphezulu kokufudumala, indawo yokuhlala kunye nokutya okuvela kubazali babo. Njengazo zonke izilwanyana ezanyisayo, abantwana “bayilelwe” ukuba banamathele kubanonopheli abebesabela ngexesha lokuziva bhetele kwaye bayasokola xa bohlulwa. U-Bowlby ukwaphawule inkqubo yokuncamathela kumncedisi wokondla ukhathalelo lwabantwana kwaye iyenza ukuba ibe mnandi (Bowlby, 1969). Ukuba ngumzali kweMammalia yinto! (IKrasnegor, kunye neebhlorho, 2010).

Nangona zonke izilwanyana ezanyisayo zisemngciphekweni weziphumo ezibi zokukhuliswa kakubi, abantwana babantu ngabona basesichengeni. Abantwana xa bezalwa ngokusisigxina bazalwa benama-25% kuphela obungakanani bengqondo yabantu abadala; Ingqondo iyabuphinda kathathu ubungakanani bayo kwiminyaka emibini yokuqala ngononophelo lokondla, ngelixa ubungakanani bobuchopho kunye nokusebenza kungakhuli ngobukhulu okanye ubunzima ngokungahoywa (Perry et al., 1995). Abantwana bafana neembumba ezingezizo ezinye izilwanyana kude kube kwiinyanga ezili-18 zobudala basemva kokubeleka, oko kuthetha ukuba kuninzi abanokukhula kunye nokuzilungiselela ngokwabo ngokusekwe kumava omzimba kunye noluntu.

Ngophando lokuncamathisela umntwana olulandelayo, ngoku siyazi ukuba iinkqubo ezininzi zobuchopho zichaphazeleka ngamava okuqala kunye nabanonopheli, ke iziphumo zamava okuqala zinemiphumo yexesha elide ye-neurobiological (Schore, 2019). Umzekelo, ingqokelela yelungelo lobuchopho icwangciselwe ukukhula ngokukhawuleza kwiminyaka yokuqala yobomi ngononophelo lokondla. Ukunyamekela kungaphuhlisi i-hemisphere elungileyo enokubangela iingxaki zempilo yengqondo kamva.

Ubuchopho bamadoda buchaphazeleka ngakumbi kukungakhathalelwa ngenxa yokomelela okuzinzileyo kunye nokuvuthwa okucothayo kunengqondo yabasetyhini (Schore, 2017). Bafuna ukongiwa okungaphezulu kodwa sibanika okuncinci, ukubashiya ukuba baxhomekeke kwiinkqubo zamandulo zokulawula / zokungenisa. Ebudaleni banqabile ngenxa yengqondo elungileyo yokungaphuhlisi, njengoko iingcali zengqondo ziqaphele (Tweedy, 2021).

Indalo eguqukileyo

Ubungcali beenkcubeko kwiinkcubeko ezinamashishini zihlala zinembono emxinwa yokuba ngumntu, zixinene kangangokuba izithandi zobulumko zide zicingisise ngokuba umntwana uya kuba njani kwisiqithi sodwa. Nabani na owazi kuqala kwimbali yabantu unokufumana lo mbuzo ungenangqondo. Akukho sana ngaphandle komama okanye umama okhulayo we-dyad ngaphandle kwenkxaso yoluntu, njengoko inkxaso yoomama yenza umahluko obalulekileyo kwindlela aphuma ngayo umntwana (Hrdy, 2009; Hawkes, O'Connell, & Blurton-Jones, 1989). Usana luswele kangangokuba kuthatha iseti yabantu abadala abaphendulayo ukuze umntwana azive exhaswa. Indlwane eguqukileyo ibonelela ngenkxaso efanelekileyo kuyo yonke indlela yophuhliso, ehambelana nendlela yokukhula komntwana.

Isiphelo

Ukuziqhelanisa nokwazi impilo kubangela ukuba siqonde iimfuno zezidalwa zethu kunye nendlela yokuhlangabezana nazo kwaye zihlangana njani (Gowdy, 1998). Ngomsebenzi wamacandelo ohlukeneyo, sifunda ngeemfuno ezithile okanye iinkqubo ezinazo kuphuhliso lomntu nakwimpilo-ntle. Ulwazi olunje lusinceda ukuba siqonde ukuba yintoni ekhuthaza impilo ntle okanye hayi kwihlabathi lanamhlanje. Oku kusivumela ukuba sikhethe ngononophelo iziseko zethemba kunye nokwamkela iinkqubo ezikhuthaza impilo-ntle, esiya kuthi siyivavanye kwizithuba ezilandelayo.

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