Yintoni injongo yeDyunivesithi "yale mihla"?

Ukwahluka kwezesondo abaphengululi bachitha ixesha labo bephanda kwaye befundisa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo abantu ababonisa ngazo ukwahluka kwabo ngokwesini phakathi kwabesini esithile, isini esithile, ulwazelelo, iindlela zokulinganisa, phakathi kwabanye. Ngubani thina, sibathandayo, ngubani esifumana inkanuko, olala naye ... konke kuyinxalenye yesini sethu esahlukileyo ngokwesini. Okwangoku, ithini inqaku lolu phando kunye nokufundisa ngesini, bahluka phi abafundi bezesondo abafanelekileyo ngaphakathi kwesimo "seyunivesithi"?

Uninzi lwabaphengululi bezesondo basebenza kumasebe ezengqondo, ezengqondo, zebhayoloji, i-anthropology, isociology, okanye izifundo zesini. Ngamanye amaxesha basebenza kwiingcebiso, imfundo, unxibelelwano, ezempilo, okanye amanye amasebe. Nokuba loluphi na uphononongo lwabaphengululi bezesondo abazifumanayo, owona mbuzo ubalulekileyo uhlala ... Kutheni le nto ukwahluka ngokwesondo- indlela esizibonakalisa ngayo ngesondo- ingumxholo apho iiyunivesithi (kunye noorhulumente) bechitha ixesha kunye nemali yabo? Yintoni inqaku?

IYunivesithi yanamhlanje

Ngokombono wam, xa sijonga ixabiso lokwahluka kwezesayensi yokufunda kufuneka sihlale siyikhumbula imbali injongo eyiyo eyunivesithi yale mihla. Kwaye (kwakhona ngokoluvo lwam) injongo eyiyo yeyunivesithi iqala ngohambo olubuyela kwinkulungwane ye-19. Ukwenza ...

Kwakungunyaka we-1810. UWilhelm von Humboldt weyisela uKumkani wasePrussia, uFrederick Wilhelm III, ukuba akhe iyunivesithi “yanamhlanje” eBerlin esekwe kwimibono yenkululeko kaFichte noSchleiermacher (Anderson, 2004). UWilhelm wayengumkhuluwa ka-Alexander von Humboldt, isazinzulu esidumileyo esathi uDarwin wambiza “ngomnye wabona bantu babalaseleyo ehlabathini.”

Oku kutsha HumboldtianKwiYunivesithi iya kwahluka kakhulu kwizikolo zangaphambili. Ukufunda yayingekuko ngokudlulisa ulwazi lwangoku (kuphela kwento ekucingelwa ukuba yayisaziwa ngelo xesha), yayikwangoko kuvelisa Ulwazi olutsha kunye nokubukela inkqubo yokuvelisa ulwazi olutsha ngokusebenza . Kwakumalunga nokuba lilungu elinokubaluleka kwindawo ekufundwa kuyo, iqela elinamalungu amaninzi awahlukeneyo azinikele kulwazi olutsha. Kwakumalunga nokuba yinxalenye yale mihla eyunivesithi .

Uyabona, kude kube lelo xesha, uninzi lwezikolo zangaphambili bezinjalo zonqulo apho "inyaniso" kuye kwafuneka ukuba ibe nguthixo kwaye ingokobuthixo, okanye izikolo kufuneka kugxilwe kuzo urhwebo / ubugcisa Kuthetha ukuvelisa abasebenzi abanezakhono ezikhethekileyo (kunokuba kufanelekile ukuba uqaphele inkolo kunye nentengiso / iintlobo zobugcisa bezikolo zezinto abanye abantu abafuna ukuba sonke sibuyele kuzo, njengenxalenye yendlela eqhelekileyo yokuzama ukubuyisela impucuko yethu kubuKhanyiso bangaphambili, Uhlobo oluphakathi lokuhlala).

KuWilhelm von Humboldt, injongo yale nto intsha HumboldtianKwiYunivesithi uhlobo lwemfundo ephakamileyo-eyunivesithi “yanamhlanje” yayikukubandakanya abafundi kunye ukufunyanwa kolwazi njengoko kusenzeka , kunye nokufundisa abafundi ukuba "bathathele ingqalelo imithetho esisiseko yesayensi kuko konke ukucinga kwabo" (Ponnusamy & Pandurangan, 2014). IYunivesithi yaseBerlin yasekwa ngonyaka we-1810 (eyathi yabizwa ngokuba yiYunivesithi yaseHumboldt emva koWilhelm noAlexander) yabeka inqanaba lento ibizwa ngokuba yiyunivesithi "yanamhlanje". Kwahlukile. Kwaye itshintshe umhlaba.

Oku kutsha Umzekelo kaHumboldt yemfundo yaseyunivesithi yayisekelwe kwimigaqo-siseko emininzi, emithathu yayo ibaluleke kakhulu kubaphengululi bezesondo.

Umgaqo-siseko kaHumboldt 1 : Injongo eyunivesithi imfundo kukufundisa abafundi ukuba cinga kakuhle , Ayisiyiyo nje ukuba ubuchule / ubuchule obuthile. Ubugcisa / imisebenzi / iimfuno zabasebenzi zihlala zitshintsha ngokuhamba kwexesha, kodwa amandla okwenza oko cinga kakuhleyenza ngokubanzi . U-Humboldt waziva ngathi "ukucinga ngokukuko" kwenzeka xa abafundi bethathela ingqalelo imithetho esisiseko yezenzululwazi, besebenzisa ubungqina obusekwe kubungqina, bacinge ngokwentelekiso, babe nomdla kwaye bazibonakalise, kwaye bangazinzisi okanye babe ngqongqo kwiinkolelo (okt, abafundi kufuneka bemke kusekwe iinkolelo kwaye ulandele amaxabiso asekwe ekukhanyeni; jonga apha).

Abafundi kufuneka babhencwe ngokubanzi kuluntu (babe ikhulisiwe kwizifundo zakudala nezantlukwano ngokwasentlalweni) ukuze ube ngabemi abangcono nabanolwazi ngakumbi (okt, babe ngabafundi ubomi obude, babe ngabagxeki be-Absolutism kunye ne-status quo, bakhuthazwe ngokwazi malunga “nokutshayelwa kwembali kunye nobubanzi bempucuko” [ h / t uSteven Pinker], babe nolwazi lwabavoti kwidemokhrasi, njalo njalo). ¹

Umgaqo-siseko kaHumboldt 2 : U-Humboldt waphikisa ukuba uphando kufuneka badlale indima ebaluleke kakhulu kwiyunivesithi yanamhlanje kunye nokufundisa abafundi ukuba babe yinxalenye yoluntu eyaziyo indlela yokucinga, yokuba noxanduva, nokunxibelelana ngokufanelekileyo kufanele ukuba kufezekiswe ukuhlanganiswa kophando nokufundisa . Abafundi mabaqwalasele "isenzo sendalo" solwazi olutsha (iRöhrs, 1987). Iidyunivesithi asizizo iindawo zokufundisa okusemagqabini (iiyunivesithi aziyiyo iJMGS [Just-More-More-Grade-School]). Iiyunivesithi zangoku zilungile iindawo zabafundi , i "Universitas litterarum" ethi iqhubeke ivelisa ulwazi olutsha kubafundi nakwizifundiswa-ulwazi lokunceda impilo yoluntu, isayensi esisiseko, kunye noluntu olukhanyiselweyo.

Esi yayisisivumelwano uWilhelm von Humboldt awasenza kunye noKumkani wasePrussia. Esi sisivumelwano esikhokelele kwiiyunivesithi zale mihla (kwaye ayifundisi nje kuphela ii-academy). Urhulumente uyayixhasa iiyunivesithi zale mihla njengendawo yokufunda kakhulu, kwaye abafundi kunye noluntu luphela luyakuxhamla ekuhambeni kwexesha. Esi sivumelwano sasebenza njengendawo yokuqala kwindlela yethu yanamhlanje yobomi.

Umgaqo-siseko kaHumboldt 3 : I eyunivesithi yanamhlanje ikhona ukulungiselela abafundi kunye noluntu, kodwa kufanele ukuba isebenze njenge iqumrhu elizimeleyo , ukungabikho kwinkonzo ethe ngqo kwiimfuno zikarhulumente okanye zecawa okanye naziphi na iinjongo zeshishini zokwenza inzuzo. Phantse zonke iiyunivesithi zingenzi ngeniso ngendalo, ziyilelwe ukunceda uluntu ukufundisa abemi (ekufuneka baziswe ngabavoti kwiidemokhrasi xa kufanelekile) kwaye ukufuna ukwazi (hayi eqhutywa yinzuzo) imibuzo yengqondo evelisayo ulwazi olutsha .

Oonjingalwazi kunye nabafundi kufuneka babe nenkululeko yokulandela uphando lwengqondo kunye nokwenza ulwazi olutsha naphi na apho ukwazi kwabo kubakhokelela khona (okt inkululeko kwezemfundo !). Kwixesha elide, inkululeko yokulandela iimpendulo kwimibuzo ebalulekileyo (ngokuchasene nokusetyenziswa) ihlala ikhokelela kulwazi olunzulu ngakumbi.

Ndicinga ukuba kunokuba ndilandele ukukhokelwa kwamashishini enzuzo kwaye kugxilwe kwikholeji njengokwenza imali kwixesha elifutshane, iiyunivesithi kufuneka zigcine ugxininiso ekufundiseni abafundi cinga kakuhle ubomi bonke, yenza izinto ezintsha ukusuka kuphando oluqhutywa kukufuna ukwazi, kunye gcina inkululeko Ukusuka kurhulumente, ecaweni, nakwilizwe elenzelwa inzuzo (nazo zonke ii-caveats ngokweendlela ezahlukeneyo zeyunivesithi engqondweni).

Ke, ngokokubona kwam, ixabiso lokufunda ngokwahluka kwezesondo, kunye nesizathu sokuba linendawo kwiiyunivesithi kwihlabathi liphela, kukuba linokuzenza zonke ezi zinto. Inceda abantu ukuba bacinge ngokukuko malunga nabo kunye nolunye ulwabelana ngesondo kwihlabathi liphela, ivelisa izixhobo ezitsha ezixhaswe ngokwesayensi zokwandisa impilo yezesondo kunye nentlalontle, kwaye iyenza ngcono xa ingalawulwa ngurhulumente, iicawa, okanye ishishini elenzelwa inzuzo. iinjongo.

Imiqolomba

Kukho ezinye iimbono ngeenjongo zeeyunivesithi, andithethi ukuba ndicinga ukuba imodeli yeHumboldt kuphela kwayo (inene, ndibonakalisile kungcono ulungelelwaniso ukujonga imigaqo yeHumboldt kunye nefuthe lazo). Ngaphaya koko, uninzi luye lwayiqaphela imeko yokufundela iiyunivesithi ezahlukeneyo ngeenjongo ezahlukeneyo. Ayizizo zonke iiyunivesithi ekufuneka zifuna uphando-nzulu. Le ngongoma ibaluleke kakhulu. Nokuba kunjalo, nangona kunjalo, enye yeembono zam endizithandayo kwezona njongo ziphambili zemfundo yaseyunivesithi- enye egqitha kwimodeli yeHumboldt- yanikelwa nguSteven Pinker:

“Kubonakala kum ukuba abantu abafundileyo kufuneka bazi okuthile malunga nembali ye-13 yezigidigidi yeminyaka yeentlobo zethu kunye nemithetho esisiseko elawula umhlaba ophilayo, kubandakanya imizimba yethu kunye nengqondo. Kuya kufuneka babambe ixesha lembali yomntu ukusukela ekuqaleni kwezolimo ukuza kuthi ga ngoku. Kufuneka babonakaliswe kukwahlukahlukana kweenkcubeko zabantu, kunye neenkqubo eziphambili zenkolelo kunye nexabiso abantu abenza ngalo ubomi babo. Kuya kufuneka bazi ngeziganeko ezakhayo kwimbali yoluntu, kubandakanya neempazamo esinethemba lokungaziphindi. Kuya kufuneka baqonde imigaqo-siseko exhasa ulawulo lwentando yesininzi kunye nomthetho. Kuya kufuneka bayazi indlela yokuxabisa imisebenzi yobuxoki kunye nemithombo yobugcisa njengemithombo yolonwabo kunye nefuthe lokucinga ngemeko yomntu.

Ngaphezulu kolu lwazi, imfundo yenkululeko kufuneka yenze imikhwa ethile yokuhlengahlengiswa kwendalo yesibini. Abantu abafundileyo kufuneka bakwazi ukuveza izimvo ezintsonkothileyo ngokubhala nokuthetha okucacileyo. Kuya kufuneka baqonde ukuba ulwazi olunenjongo luyinto exabisekileyo, kwaye bayayazi indlela yokwahlulahlula into eqinisekisiweyo kwiinkolelo, amarhe, kunye nobulumko obuqhelekileyo obungachazwanga. Kuya kufuneka bayazi indlela yokuqiqa ngokusengqiqweni nangokweenkcukacha-manani, kuthintelwe ukunganyaniseki kunye nokucalula apho iingqondo zomntu ezingafundwanga zisengozini. Kuya kufuneka bacinge ngokungakhathali kunokuba benze ngomlingo, kwaye bazi ukuba kuthatha ntoni ukwahlula ukubakho konxibelelwano kunye nokudibana. Kuya kufuneka bakuqonde kakuhle ukusilela kwabantu, ngakumbi okwabo, kwaye baqonde ukuba abantu abangavumelani nabo abasosidenge okanye abakhohlakeleyo. Ngokufanelekileyo, bafanele bakuqonde ukubaluleka kokuzama ukutshintsha iingqondo ngokuzoyikisa kunokuba boyikise okanye uxhase idemokhrasi. ”

Ngoku leyo yinjongo efanelekileyo, ngokwenene.

¹ Xa kufikwa kuMgaqo kaHumboldt 1 wabafundi baseyunivesithi kwi isayikholoji (eyam ingqeqesho), iAmerican Psychological Association idwelisa uluhlu lweenjongo ezibalulekileyo zokuphuhlisa ukucinga okusebenzayo ...

• Injongo 1: Ukuphuhlisa iSiseko soLwazi (yazi iikhonsepthi eziphambili, imigaqo, imixholo, indawo ezinomxholo, izinto ezisetyenzisiweyo eziphambili)
• Injongo 2: Ukuphuhlisa uPhando lwezeNzululwazi kunye nokuCinga ngokuBalulekileyo (funda indlela yokusebenzisa iingcinga zesayensi ukutolika umhlaba; funda ukuzibandakanya ekucingeni nasekuhlanganiseni ukucinga kunye nokusombulula iingxaki; funda indlela yokucinga ngokobungakanani)
• Injongo 3: Ukuphuhlisa iiNqobo eziseSikweni zaBantu kunye noXanduva kwezeNtlalontle kwihlabathi liphela (yazi indlela yokuziphatha kakuhle; ukwakha nokuphucula ubudlelwane obuhlukeneyo phakathi kwabantu kunye nezakhono zokusebenzisana; hlakulela amaxabiso akho kunye nokuzibandakanya kubunkokheli obakha uluntu kwinqanaba lendawo, lesizwe kunye nehlabathi)
• Injongo 4: Unxibelelwano (funda ukubhala ngokukuko ngeenjongo ezahlukeneyo; funda izakhono zokubonisa ezisebenzayo ngeenjongo ezahlukeneyo)
• Injongo 5: uPhuhliso loBuchule (funda ukuba ungazisebenzisa njani ezi zakhono kwiinjongo zomsebenzi, funda indlela yokusebenzisa ukusebenza ngokwakho kunye nokuzilawula ukuze ufezekise iinjongo zomsebenzi, phuhlisa isicwangciso somdlalo wobuchule obunobomi emva kokuphumelela)

IPonnusamy, R., kunye nePandurangan, J. (2014). Incwadi yezandla eyunivesithi. ENew Delhi, eIndiya: Abapapashi abaManyeneyo.

URöhrs, H. (1987). Umbono wamandulo weyunivesithi. Kwi Isiko kunye nohlengahlengiso lweyunivesithi phantsi kwembono yamanye amazwee. ENew York: Abapapashi bakaPeter Lang bamazwe aphesheya kwezemfundo.