Ukubetha impempe, ukungathobeli, kunye nedemokhrasi

Kutshanje, uMcebisi ngezoKhuseleko kuZwelonke uMichael Flynn ugxothiwe ngabaphathi bakaTrump emva kokuba amagosa aseburhulumenteni egqobhoza ulwazi oluhleliweyo kumajelo eendaba malunga nokunxibelelana ngomnxeba phakathi kukaFlynn kunye noMmeli waseRussia uSergey I. Kyslyak, okwenzeka ngaphambi kokumiselwa kukaTrump, kubandakanya (ngokuyinxenye) ukuphungula isohlwayo. kumaRussia amiselwe ngurhulumente ka-Obama ngokuhlasela iUkraine. Ukuphendula, ulawulo lukaTrump olunomsindo lujolise ekufumaneni nasekohlwayeni abo bavuzayo ngenxa yokuvuza kolwazi oluchongiweyo lukarhulumente kumaphephandaba, kodwa hayi kwisenzo esingekho semthethweni sikaFlynn sokujongela phantsi umgaqo-nkqubo waseburhulumenteni ngelixa usengumhlali.

Emva kokuvuza, umshicileli uye waxoxa umba obaluleke kakhulu, ukumisa ii-leaker okanye ukuphanda ngezenzo ezinjengekaFlynn. Igama elithi "ukubetha impempe" libe nendawo ebonakalayo kwezi ngxoxo, ngamanye amaqela kwingxoxo mpikiswano belisebenzisa ukudumisa abo bavuzayo ngenkonzo yabo yoluntu, ngelixa abanye begxeka abo bavayo besithi "ngabaphuli-mthetho."

Kule meko ixhokonxwe ngokwasemphefumlweni kunye neziphumo ezinokuthi zifikelele kude kukhuseleko lwesizwe, kunokuba luncedo ekufumaneni ukuqonda okucacileyo kweekhonsepthi ezichaphazelekayo, kunye nolwalamano lwazo kwinkqubo yedemokhrasi. Ewe kunjalo, umbuzo wokuba ingaba isenzo sababhexeshi besifanelekile na ngumbuzo wokuziphatha, grist wokungqusha uhlalutyo ngabafilosofi abaziphethe kakuhle.

Ngapha koko, umsebenzi wokubetha impempe ufumene ingqalelo enkulu kule minyaka ingamashumi amathathu idlulileyo ziifilosofi ezisebenza kwimimandla yeshishini kunye nokuziphatha okuhle. Kwisikhundla sam njengomhleli nomseki weJenali yaMazwe ngaMazwe ye-Applied Philosophy, iphephancwadi lokuqala elizeleyo elizinikeleyo ebaleni, ndibenethuba lokunceda ekuphuhliseni olunye loncwadi, kwaye ndisebenze ngokusondeleyo nabanye bababhali ababalaseleyo lendawo ingongasekhoyo uFrederick A. Elliston. Ke ndiziva ndinyanzelekile ukuba ndilinganise lo mbandela. Oku kungena kwebhlog ngokufanelekileyo ligalelo lam kwingxoxo-mpikiswano.

"Ukubetha impempe," njengoko kuqondwa ngokubanzi kuncwadi lwentanda-bulumko, kubandakanya ukuxelwa kwabasebenzi bamashishini, amaziko karhulumente nawabucala, okanye iiarhente zikarhulumente, ngezenzo ezingekho mthethweni, zokuziphatha okubi, okanye ezithandabuzekayo ezenzeka kuloo mibutho. Isizathu sokuxela, nokuba oku kukwenzakalisa umenzi wobubi ongamkelekanga, akunamsebenzi nokuba isenzo siyafaneleka na njengesenzo sokubetha impempe. Ke, umntu unokuvuthela impempe ngeenjongo zokuzonwabisa, ezinje ngokubuyela komnye umntu. Kananjalo, umbuzo malunga nokuziphatha komntu ochazayo ngumbandela omnye; ingaba umntu lowo ubandakanyekile ekubetheni impempe, nokuba ingaba isenzo eso siyathetheleleka na yimibuzo ecace gca.

Ke ngoko, ukufaneleka kwesenzo sokubetha impempe, ngokwahlukileyo kwinjongo yempempe, kufuneka kuvavanywe ukuba ubunzima besenzo esingalunganga sanele na ukuthethelela ukubhengezwa. Ke kungakho izigqibo ezingekho mgangathweni (zokuziphatha ngokungekho sikweni) zokuvuthela impempe ngoosomashishini abaneenjongo ezintle, njengaxa umcimbi ungalungiswa ngokulula ngaphakathi kombutho; kodwa zinokubakho ezisekwe kakuhle, ngaphandle kwesizathu, njengaxa ingozi imbi kangangokuba ifuna ukwaziswa eluntwini, kwaye nokubetha umlozi inokuba kuphela kwendlela yokufezekisa le njongo.

Esinye isenzo esisebenzayo sesokuba iimpikiswano zosasazo ezijikeleze ukuba ingaba i-leaker kulawulo lukaTrump yayineenjongo ezimbi zokujongela phantsi ulawulo lukaTrump ngokungathandabuzekiyo ayibalulekanga kumgangatho wesenzo sokubetha impempe. Ewe umthetho we-Whistleblower Protection Enhancement Act ka-2012 uyakucacisa oku kumalungiselelo awo, "ukubhengezwa akuyi kukhutshelwa ngaphandle [kukhuseleko] ngenxa .... yesizathu somsebenzi okanye somenzi-sicelo sokuchaza."

Ngokumalunga nokuchazwa ngokusemthethweni, i-Whistleblowers Protection Act ikhusela ukuxela okwenziwa ngabasebenzi baseburhulumenteni, okanye abo babesakuba ngabasebenzi, abathi abo bakholelwa ubungqina "(A) ukwaphula nawuphi na umthetho, umthetho, okanye ummiselo; okanye` (B) ukuphathwa gwenxa, inkunkuma enkulu, ukusetyenziswa gwenxa kwegunya, okanye ingozi enkulu okanye ekhethekileyo kwimpilo yoluntu okanye ukhuseleko. " Ke, umbethi-mpempe kufuneka abe nenkolelo efanelekileyo yokuba kukho ulwaphulo-mthetho olukhoyo; kodwa, i injongo ukuveza oko umqeshwa akholelwa ukuba kukwaphula umthetho akunangxaki. Ke, ngaba ukubhengezwa kwenziwa ngamagosa aseburhulumenteni malunga nonxibelelwano oluthandabuzekayo lukaFlynn lukhuselwe ngokusemthethweni?

Impendulo nguhayi. Umthetho ufuna ukuba ulwazi oluchaziweyo "aluthintelwanga ngumthetho." Kuba ulwazi ekubhekiswa kulo lucacisiwe, belungakhuselwanga ngulo Mthetho. Nangona kunjalo, ukungabikho semthethweni kokuxela oko akuthethi ukuba kwakungekho semthethweni ukuyityhila. Endaweni yoko kuthetha ukuba abantu ababhengezayo bebengakhuselekanga ekutshutshisweni ngenxa yokuxela.

Ngale ndlela, ukubetha impempe kumbuzo kufana kakhulu nesenzo se ukungathobeli ekuhlaleni . Okokugqibela kubandakanya ukwala kommi ukuthobela umthetho othile othi ngokuziphatha kakubi okanye akukho sikweni. Ukungathobeli eluntwini yindlela ebalulekileyo enokuthi ichaphazele ngayo utshintsho olusemthethweni. Ewe, kwidemokhrasi yethu, ukuba akukho mntu wakha wacela umngeni kwimithetho engenabulungisa, ngekhe itshintshwe. URosa Parks wenqabile ukushiya isihlalo sakhe ebhasini ukuya kumlungu emelene nomthetho wolwahlulo lwaseburhulumenteni eAlabama, kwaye yonke le yimbali. Umthetho wawugwenxa kwaye wawufuna umceli mngeni, kwaye iRosa Parks (kunye nabanye) bahlangabezana naloo mngeni kwaye banceda ukutshintsha umthetho ofuna ukuguqulwa.

Kwimeko yokubetha impempe, ummi wabucala naye ngokufanayo unokunceda ekuchaphazeni utshintsho oluyimfuneko ekuhlaleni. UMerrill Williams, igosa lezomthetho elathatha ishishini lecuba, wophule isivumelwano semfihlo kwishishini lezomthetho awalisebenzelayo ukuze achaze ukuba iBrown & Williamson Tobacco Corporation, amashumi eminyaka, ifihle ngabom ubungqina bokuba imidiza ibingumhlaza kwaye ikhoboka. Kwinqanaba lomdibaniso, kwisikrelemnqa esidumileyo seWatergate, uMlawuli oDibeneyo weFederal Bureau yoPhando (FBI) uMark Felt (AKA "Deep Throat") wavuthela impempe ngemisebenzi engekho mthethweni yolawulo lweNixon, ekhokelele kurhoxe esikhundleni sikaMongameli. UNixon kunye nokuvalelwa kweNtloko ye-White House yabasebenzi u-HR Haldeman kunye ne-United States i-Attorney General uJohn N. Mitchell, phakathi kwabanye. Ngokucacileyo, kukho izembali ezingathandabuzekiyo ezibonisa ukuba izenzo zokubetha impempe zinokwenza igalelo elibaluleke kakhulu ekumiseleni imida yezomthetho kunye nokuziphatha ekusetyenzisweni gwenxa kwamandla ukukhusela intlalontle yoluntu.

Ukuphefumla impempe kunye nokungathobeli eluntwini kukwabandakanya ukuthatha umngcipheko kubani kwimiceli mngeni kwizenzo ezingekho mthethweni okanye zokuziphatha gwenxa, kubandakanya ukuphelelwa ngumsebenzi, ukuxhatshazwa, izoyikiso zokubulawa, ukwenzakala emzimbeni, izohlwayo nokuvalelwa. Ngenxa yokuba isimilo kunye / okanye iinzuzo zomthetho zibalulekile, kwaye impempe ifuna olu tshintsho ngenxa yabo (hayi ngenxa yezizathu zokuzenzela), abantu abazibandakanya nokubetha impempe okanye ukungathobeli eluntwini. inkalipho yokuziphatha . Oku kuyaphawuleka kuba abagxeki babetha impempe kunye nabantu abangathobeliyo ngamanye amaxesha batyhola ngokungafanelekanga ukuba abo bantu "ngabangcatshi," "ngabaphuli-mthetho," okanye ngabantu abangenasimilo okanye abakhohlakeleyo. Ngokuchasene noko, banokuba ngabona bantu banesibindi, abanobuqhawe, okanye abathanda izwe. Khawucinge nje ngeRosa Parks! Waphule umthetho waseAlabama, kodwa kunganzima ukuba simbize ngokuba "sisaphuli-mthetho." Kwelinye icala, kukho ukunyaniseka phakathi kwamasela, kodwa loo nto ayenzi ukuba babe nesimilo.

Kwidemokhrasi, ukubetha umlozi, kunye nokungathobeli kwabantu, kusebenza umsebenzi obalulekileyo. Njengamaphephandaba, abo babetha impempe banokunceda ukubhengeza ulwaphulo-mthetho olugqithileyo lokuthenjwa luluntu ngabaphathiswa bakarhulumente, bahlala besebenza ngokubambisana noonondaba, njengakwimeko kaFlynn. Kungenxa yesi sizathu le nto iinkokheli zopolitiko ezikhohlakeleyo abathiyileyo oonondaba behlala becekisa abo babetha impempe. Ngaphandle nje kokubetha impempe, njengamajelo eendaba, zifuna ukwenza izinto elubala, zihlala zithathwa njenge "lutshaba."

Ukuvuza kwe zihlelwe Ulwazi ngorhulumente ngompempe, ngelixa lungekho mthethweni, lunokusebenza ngeenjongo zentlalo ukuba lubhengeza ingozi enkulu yesizwe. Ekuvuzeni ulwazi oluhleliweyo, njengakwimeko yolwazi malunga nonxibelelwano lukaMichael Flynn noMmeli waseRussia, ukuvuza kungabaluleka kakhulu kukhuseleko lwesizwe. Ukuba kukho iinzame zokujongela phantsi ukhuseleko lwesizwe lutshaba lwangaphandle, kwaye abo abantu bathembela ekubakhuseleni basebenzisana nolu tshaba, ke olo lwazi luphikisanayo kufuneka lubhengezwe eluntwini ukuba nje akukho ndlela ifanelekileyo yokuthintela ingozi enokwenzeka. Njengakukungathobeli eluntwini, sinokulindela ukuba abavuzisi ababanjiweyo baya kutshutshiswa. Nangona kunjalo, njengamalungu oluntu lwentando yesininzi, kufanelekile ukuba sithembe ukuba ulwazi oluvunyiweyo luya kuthathwa ngokungathí sina kwaye naluphi na ulwaphulo-mthetho lukazwelonke oluchanekileyo luza kuphandwa ngokupheleleyo. Le yindlela idemokhrasi esebenza ngayo.

Ngaba ke kufanelekile ukuba amagosa aseburhulumenteni avuze ulwazi malunga neencoko zikaFlynn? Kuthiwa uFlynn, waxoka ku-Sekela-Mongameli malunga nomxholo weencoko zakhe, ekhanyela ukuba babandakanyeka kwiingxoxo malunga nezohlwayo eRussia. Nangona kunjalo, lo mbandela ubunokubekwa ngokulula ukuba amagosa aseburhulumenteni angachaza olu lwazi kwi-V. okanye kubaphathi babo, abanokuthi nabo, bazise i-V. Ngapha koko, oku kuyenzekile xa iGqwetha eliyiNtloko likaSally Sally Yates lazise i-White House ngonxibelelwano olwamkelwayo. Nangona kunjalo, ingozi enokwenzeka yayingeyiyo leyo yokuxoka kwi-V.P .; Kwakungenxa yolwaphulo olunokubakho kukhuseleko lwesizwe. Ngaba lo mbandela ungxamisekileyo kungenzeka ukuba uphathwe ngokufanelekileyo ngolawulo lukaTrump ngaphandle kokuhambisa ulwazi kumaphephandaba?

Njengokuba kwenzekile, i-White House ayizange imgxothe u-Flynn kwade kwagqitywa ulwazi, nangona yayifumene ulwazi oluvela kwiGqwetha likaGqwetha Jikelele kwiiveki ezimbalwa ezidlulileyo. Ke, kunokwenzeka ukuba i-leakers ayibonanga enye indlela yokujongana nolwaphulo mthetho ngaphandle kokubetha impempe kuFlynn. Ukwenza njalo kusenokwenzeka ukuba sele kuphumelele ukunceda ukususa "ikhonkco elibuthathaka" kwikhonkco lomyalelo. Nangona kunjalo, kuhlala kubonakala ukuba yintoni elandelayo.