Ngubani Ofuna Uvelwano?

Umxholo

• Amanqaku aphambili
• Umceli mngeni kuvelwano
• Uvelwano alwanelanga ekuziphatheni okuhle
• Iinkcazo zibalulekile apha
• Yintoni enengxaki kuluntu
• Uvelwano lunokuba yinto ephambili kwibali lokuzivelela kwabantu

Amanqaku aphambili

• Abanye abaphengululi bathandabuza ukubaluleka kovelwano.
• Uvelwano lukaNks. Frazier kuMnu Floyd lubonakala ngathi luye lwabangela isenzo sakhe.
• Ukuziphatha ngokuziphatha kunzima kwaye uvelwano lunokuyenza 'ibhola iroli.'
• Iintlobo zethu zavela kwingqondo enkulu (empathic) yobuchopho kwintsebenziswano ekukhuliseni abantwana. Zombini zibonakala ngathi ziyahamba.

Kubonakala ngathi uninzi lwabantu luyavuma ukuba kwimizuzu eli-10 edlulileyo yobomi bukaGeorge Floyd, (owayesakuba) lipolisa uDerek Chauvin wayengenalo uvelwano kuMnumzana uFloyd, kodwa irekhodi levidiyo, uDarnella Frazier, wayenalo.

Ukubandezeleka kuka Mnu.Floyd kwabamba uvelwano lukaNks. Frazier kwaye kwamazisa ukuba yayiyimeko yokuziphatha / yokuziphatha-kukho into engalunganga. Ukutolika kwakhe njengokungekho sikweni kunye nokukhuthaza kwakhe ubulungisa kwamkhokelela kwisigqibo esibalulekileyo-ekuphela kwento awayeziva enokuyenza ukunceda kule meko-ukuyirekhoda kwifowuni yakhe.

Ukuba uvelwano luqalise isenzo sakhe, kutheni ke isibini sabaphengululi kwifilosofi nakwisayikholoji siphakamisa imibuzo malunga novelwano, besithi uvelwano lulahlekisa ukwenziwa kwezigqibo kwabantu?

Umceli mngeni kuvelwano

Isazi ngengqondo uPaul Bloom uchaza uvelwano 'njengokuva iimvakalelo zomnye' (oko abanye bakubiza ngokuba luvelwano olunomdla). Uphawula iingxaki ezininzi ngale nto. Okokuqala, ukuziva iimvakalelo zakhe wonke umntu odibanayo onokudibana naye kuyakhathaza. Okwesibini, uvelwano lutsala umdla wakho njengomboniso kwaye lunokunciphisa umda ekuqapheleni kwakho ezinye izehlo. Okwesithathu, uvelwano lucalucalulo kubantu abafana nawe. Okwesine, amalinge abonisa ukuba uvelwano lunengxaki yokubala — alonyuki ngenani labantu abasokolayo kwaye luthatha icala lomntu obandezelekileyo ophambi kwakho, hayi izigidi ongaziboniyo. Uqukumbela ngelithi uvelwano lukhokelela kwizigqibo zobuyatha nezokungabi nasimilo.

Abo kuthi bafunda indlela yokuziphatha kunye nemfundo yokuziphatha bachonga iindlela ezininzi zokuziphatha okanye zokuziphatha ezinokuphambuka (umz., INarvaez kunye nokuphumla, 1995). Bloom ibonisa ezinye iindlela oku kwenzekayo.

Masidlule kuluhlu lweBloom. (1) Uthi nkqu namalungu osapho kunye nabahlobo, akufuneki uve uxinzelelo lwabo kuba ngekhe ubenako ukubanceda. IBloom ibonakala ijolise kwinto ekuthiwa kukuxhomekeka, ukungabikho kokwahlula phakathi kwakho kunye nezinye ngendlela edibeneyo ngokweemvakalelo. Ewe, umntu unokoyiswa ziimvakalelo zabanye, ezinokuba ngumqondiso wemicimbi yokuzibamba kwaye ngamanye amaxesha ziqwalaselwe njengomcimbi wezempilo yengqondo. IAl-Anon yenzelwe inxenye ukunceda abantu bakhe imida yabo ukuze bangabanjwa kwiimvakalelo zabanye. (2) Uvelwano lutsalela ingqalelo. Ewe, yiloo nto eyenzekayo kuNkosazana Frazier xa wayephendula imeko kaMnu. Floyd. Kodwa ke, kuninzi ekufuneka kwenzekile ukuze isimilo senzeke (jonga ngezantsi). (3a) Uvelwano lucalanye. Ngokuqinisekileyo. Kukwanjalo nokukhetha okubonakalayo, ukuqiqa nge-anthropocentric, ukuqiqa ngoncedo ... kukho ezinye izinto ezininzi ezingakhethiyo. (3b) Uvelwano lujolise kubantu abafana nawe. Oku kuxhomekeke kwinkcubeko nakukhula komntu. Abahlanguli bamaJuda kwiMfazwe yesibini (II) yeHlabathi zange baphendule ngale ndlela (Oliner & Oliner, 1988). Amaqela eSizwe sokuQala anovelwano ngezinto eziphilayo ngokubanzi, kubandakanya izilwanyana, izityalo, imilambo, iintaba. (4) Uvelwano olunomdla alunakujongana namanani. Ngokuqinisekileyo, kukujongana ubuso ngobuso. Yiyo loo nto uvelwano lokuqonda, olubizwa nguBloom "ukuqonda," luyafuneka ngokunjalo. Uvelwano lokuqonda lufuna ulwazi malunga nolunye, ukuqonda ukuba bahlala njani kwaye baphumelela njani. Uvelwano lunokuba sisiqalo, kodwa alonelanga.

Into enomdla kukuba, uBloom uthi ukwabelana ngeemvakalelo ezintle yinto elungileyo, kodwa hayi iimvakalelo ezimbi zabanye. Kodwa ukuba kulungile ukuziva iimvakalelo ezilungileyo, ke uvelwano ngeso asiyongxaki. Luxinzelelo lomntu olwenzeka ngokuziva iimvakalelo zabo ezingathandekiyo, into athe wayibonisa uC. Daniel Batson (2011) kwinkqubo yakhe yophando.

Isithandi sobulumko saseNtshona uJesse Prinz ukwagxeka uvelwano. Ingcaciso yakhe yovelwano idibanisa imvakalelo kunye, uvelwano (uvelwano), kunye noxinzelelo lomntu (uziva uxinezelekile), konke kukuphazamiseka kwengqondo (uvelwano yinto ohlangabezana nayo xa ucinga ngeemvakalelo zomnye). Le nkcazo ikhutshiwe emzimbeni (abantu bahlangana nabanye ngeendlela ezingadingi kuboniswa) kwaye iya ngokuchasene neenkqubo zophando ezinde ezahlula ezi ntlobo zahlukeneyo 'zovelwano' (umzekelo, uBatson, 2011; Eisenberg, 2000).

UPrinz uyavumelana nawo onke amanqaku eBloom. Ujolise kwisigqibo sokuziphatha, uthi uvelwano aluyonxalenye, sisizathu esifunekayo, isikhokelo esithembekileyo sobungqina, isiseko sokugwetyelwa, okanye amandla okukhuthaza izigwebo zokuziphatha. Akukho nto yokuphikisana ngayo apha njengokuziphatha okunzima ngakumbi kunokuba novelwano lodwa. Kwimpembelelo yayo, njengoko uJames Rest (1983) waphawula, abanye abantu bashukunyiswa yigrim, abanye bafuna ukubona inqindi ngaphambi kokuba kusebenze uvelwano. Uvelwano luye lwancipha ngokukodwa phakathi kwabafundi beekholeji kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje (Konrath et al. 2011).

U-Prinz ucinga ukuba ezinye iimvakalelo zibhetele ekukhuthazeni izigwebo zokuziphatha: ukwenyanya, ukuncoma, ityala, ingqumbo.

Uvelwano alwanelanga ekuziphatheni okuhle

Ukuze isimilo senzeke, uvelwano sesinye sezixhobo ezininzi ezifunekayo. Ayisetyenziswanga yodwa. Zininzi izinto zengqondo ekufuneka zenzekile ukuze kuziphathe kakuhle. Uvelwano lunokuqala iinkqubo. Kulungile kuba iyasilumkisa, itsalela ingqalelo yethu kumcimbi wokuziphatha. Umnumzana Frazier wathathelwa ingqalelo nguGeorge Floyd kuba wayenoluvo lokubandezeleka kwakhe.

Okuninzi kufuneka kwenzeke emva kokuba kuthathelwe ingqalelo. Iinkqubo ezine zengqondo zichongiwe (Ukuphumla, 1983; INarvaez & Ukuphumla, 1995). Ubuntununtunu bokuziphatha bubandakanya ukuqonda kokuziphatha-ukuqaphela ingxaki yokuziphatha. Oku kuyadingeka ukuze ibhola iqengqele. Uvelwano lunokuba yinxalenye yoku. Kufuneka siyicacise imeko ngokufanelekileyo, kubandakanya nokuchonga ukuba yeyiphi inxaxheba esinokuyithatha. Isigwebo sokuziphatha: Kufuneka sigwebe ukuba yeyiphi eyona nto ilungileyo, esona sihle sokuziphatha / isimilo kwimeko. Inkuthazo yokuziphatha: Kufuneka sikhuthazwe ukuba sithathe elona nyathelo lokuziphatha nangona sikhuphisana nomdla. Isenzo sokuziphatha: Kuya kufuneka sikwazi ukuyiphumeza-sazi amanyathelo ekufuneka siwathathe kwaye sinomonde wokuyifeza. Ukuba nayiphi na inkqubo yenkqubo isilela, isimilo asizukwenzeka. Ke unokusilela ukuqaphela ingxaki (uvakalelo), usilele ukwenza isigqibo esifanelekileyo, (isigwebo), ubeke phambili enye into (inkuthazo), okanye uswele amandla okwenza isimilo (isenzo).

Iinkcazo zibalulekile apha

Omnye wemiceli mngeni kwiingxoxo malunga nokuziphatha kukuba izithandi zobulumko zihlala zigxila kumbono womntu wesithathu malunga nesenzo somnye-ngaba yayisenzo esihle okanye esibi eso? Kwingqondo yengqondo yokuziphatha, indlela yokuziphatha kugxilwe kuyo. Xa kuxoxwa ngesimilo, inento yokwenza nokwenza izigqibo-yintoni ekufuneka yenziwe? Kodwa iquka ubuntununtunu — uqaphele ntoni? Inkuthazo-yintoni onqwenela ukuyenza? Inyathelo-uyawazi amanyathelo ekufuneka uthabathe kwaye ungawenza? Ke, isayikholoji ithatha umbono oxhakaxhaka wokuziphatha kunakwifilosofi yaseNtshona, ekudala ijolise ngakumbi ekucingeni kunakwimvakalelo okanye isenzo.

Yintoni enengxaki kuluntu

Uninzi lwabantu alubonakalisi uvelwano novelwano njengabafundi. Baxuba kunye. Baye bathambekele ekuxubeni kwinkxalabo esebenzayo komnye. Ukuziva unenye indlela yokuziva ubakhathalela. Ingxaki ngabafundi ababhala iiposti zikawonkewonke okanye iincwadi ezinenkcazo emxinwa yovelwano kukuba abo bangengabo abafundi bayithatha ngendlela engeyiyo-bacinga ukuba babhekisa kuvelwano-uvelwano-isenzo sokudibanisa esenziwa ngabantu abaninzi. Ukuxabana noluntu ukuba uvelwano alubalulekanga kukhuthaza ukungakhathali kunye nendlela egxile kubukrelekrele yokunxibelelana.

Uvelwano lunokuba yinto ephambili kwibali lokuzivelela kwabantu

Bobabini abaphengululi banenkxalabo malunga "nokunye" ukuba uvelwano luyagxininiswa kuba abantu bathanda ukuba novelwano kubantu abafana nabo. Le asiyongxaki yomntu iqhelekileyo. KwiZizwe zokuQala kunye neminye imibutho ehlangeneyo, ukuziva ubunye kunye nabanye kuyaviwa kwaye kugxininiswe, ngamanye amaxesha nangabantu abangengobantu (Levy-Bruhl, 2015). Impucuko yaseNtshona iyantlukwano, ukwahlula inkcubeko eyahlulahlula yonke into kuyo yonke enye into; Uninzi loluntu kubukho babantu aluzange lukwenze oku (Bram, 2018).

USarah Blaffer Hrdy (2009), ugqirha wezinto zabantu odumileyo, uthi ukukhulisa abantwana ngentsebenziswano kubuchopho obukhulu bezentlalo obukhuliswe zizilwanyana zethu-ingqondo ebandakanya uvelwano, ukufunda ngengqondo (intersubjectivity), kunye nokwandisa inkxalabo kwabanye abonisa iintlobo zethu kodwa hayi iitshimpanzi (iichimpimps) abangabanxibelelanisi babantwana). (Jonga uphononongo olugqwesileyo lomsebenzi kaHrdy ngu-PT blogger, uSamuel Paul Veissière). Kuba kuthatha ukuya kwi-18 yezigidi zeekhalori ukukhulisa umntwana ebudaleni, oomama abanakho ukubonelela abantwana babo bodwa. Ukuvela kwengqondo yethu enkulu, ukukhulisa abantwana ngokubambisana, kunye nokulungelelaniswa kwemfuza kwavela kude kube ngoku kuhamba kunye. Ukuzahlulwa kwabazali ekukhuliseni abantwana namhlanje kuyangqubana nale mbali, ethi, ngokokutsho kukaHrdy, isenokukhokelela kuvelwano, ngengqondo ebanzi, encede iintlobo zethu zikhule kwaye zikwazi ukuziqhelanisa.

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