Kutheni kufuneka ukhathalele malunga ne-Quantum Neuroscience

Kwimeko apho ungevanga, isayensi ye-Quantum imhlophe ishushu ngoku, ngentetho evuyayo yeekhompyuter ezinamandla ezingenakulinganiswa, unxibelelwano lwe-quantum olusebenzayo kunye nokhuseleko lwe-cyber olungenakufikeleleka nge-encryption ye-quantum.

Kutheni yonke le hype?

Ukubeka ngokulula, isayensi ye-Quantum ithembisa ukutsiba okukhulu phambili endaweni yamanyathelo osana esiwaqhelileyo kwisayensi yemihla ngemihla. Isayensi yemihla ngemihla, umzekelo, isinika iikhompyuter ezintsha eziphindwe kabini ngamandla rhoqo emva kweminyaka emi-2-3, kanti i-Quantum yesayensi ithembisa iikhompyuter ezininzi Izigidigidi zamaxesha amandla ngaphezu kweyona khomputha inezihlunu ezikhoyo namhlanje.

Ngamanye amagama isayensi ye-Quantum, ukuba iphumelele, iya kuvelisa utshintsho lwenyikima kwitekhnoloji eya kuthi ibumbe umhlaba njengoko sisazi, ngeendlela ezinzulu ngakumbi kune-Intanethi okanye ii-smartphones.

Amathuba okuphefumla enzululwazi ye-Quantum konke kuvela kwinyani enye elula: I-quantum phenomena iyophula ngokupheleleyo imigaqo ethintela ukuba "izinto zakudala" (eziqhelekileyo) zinokufezekiswa.

Imizekelo emibini apho isayensi ye-Quantum yenza into ebikade ingenakwenzeka ngequbuliso, kukuphakanyiswa kwe-quantum kunye nokubanjiswa kwe-quantum.

Masijongane ne-quantum superposition kuqala.

Kwilizwe eliqhelekileyo, into efana nebaseball inokuba kwindawo enye ngexesha elinye. Kodwa kwihlabathi le-quantum, i-particle efana ne-electron inokuhlala kwiindawo ezingenasiphelo ngaxeshanye, esele ikho kwinzululwazi yamachiza ekubizwa ngokuba yi-superposition yamazwe amaninzi. Ke kwihlabathi le-quantum, into enye ngamanye amaxesha iziphatha njengezinto ezininzi ezahlukeneyo.

Ngoku makhe sihlolisise ukubanjiswa kwe-quantum ngokwandisa isifaniso sebaseball kancinci. Kwihlabathi eliqhelekileyo ii-baseball ezimbini ezihleli kwizitshixo ezimnyama kumabala emidlalo amakhulu eLos Angeles naseBoston azimele ngokupheleleyo, kangangokuba xa uthe wavula enye yezitshixo zokugcina ukujonga ibaseball enye, akukho nto inokwenzeka kwenye ibhola kwisitshixo sokugcina esimnyama esingama-3,000 eemayile kude. Kodwa kwihlabathi le-quantum, amasuntswana amabini, anjengeefotoni unako ubambeke, kangangokuba isenzo sokubona ifoto enye nomtshini inyanzelisa enye ifoto, nokuba ikude kangakanani, ukuba ithathe indawo ethile.

Oko kungenelela kuthetha ukuba kwindalo yonke, izinto ezininzi ezahlukeneyo ngamanye amaxesha zinokuziphatha njengeziko elinye, nokuba ziqelelene kangakanani izinto ezahlukileyo.

Oku kungalingana nokutshintsha imeko yebhola enye ye-baseball-yitsho ukuyinyanzela ukuba ibekwe phezulu nangaphezulu kwishelufa esezantsi yelokhari yokugcina-ngokuvula ilokhari yokugcina kude kangangeemayile ezingama-3,000 kwaye ujonge kuyo yonke eyahlukileyo baseball.

Ezi ndlela zokuziphatha "zingenakwenzeka" zenza ukuba izinto ezinobuninzi zilungele ukwenza into engenakwenzeka, umzekelo, iikhompyuter. Kwiikhompyuter eziqhelekileyo ulwazi olugciniweyo lungoziro okanye inye, kodwa kwikhompyuter ye-quantum into egciniweyo, ebizwa ngokuba yiQubit (ubuninzi bento), zombini inguziro kwaye enye kwangaxeshanye. Ke, apho indawo yokugcina inkumbulo yeebits ezi-8 inokuqulatha naliphi na inani lomntu ukusuka ku-0 kuye ku-255 (2 ^ 8 = 256) inkumbulo yee-Qubits ezisi-8 inokugcina 2 ^ 8 = 256 amanani ahlukeneyo zonke ngaxeshanye! Ukukwazi ukugcina ulwazi oluninzi ngakumbi kukuba kutheni iikhompyuter ze-quantum zithembisa i-quantum leap ekusebenzeni kwamandla.

Kumzekelo ongentla, imemori encinci ye-8 kwikhompyuter ye-quantum igcina amanani angama-256 phakathi kwe-0 kunye nama-255 onke ngaxeshanye ngelixa imemori encinci ye-8 kwikhompyuter eqhelekileyo igcina inombolo enye phakathi kwe-0 kunye ne-255 ngexesha. Ngoku khawufane ucinge imemori ye-quantum engama-24 (2 ^ 24 = 16,777,216) enama-3 amaQubits amaninzi njengememori yethu yokuqala: inokugcina Amanani ahlukeneyo angama-16,777,216 ngaxeshanye!

Oko kusizisa kudibaniso lwenzululwazi ye-Quantum kunye neurobiology. Ingqondo yomntu yiprosesa enamandla ngakumbi kunayo nayiphi na ikhompyuter ekhoyo namhlanje: ngaba iyafezekisa amanye ala mandla amangalisayo ngokubamba ubungqingqwa be-quantum ngendlela efanayo neekhompyuter ze-quantum?

Kude kube kutshanje, impendulo yefiziks kulo mbuzo ibingu "Hayi".

Izinto ze-Quantum ezinje nge-superposition zixhomekeke ekwahlukaniseni ezo zinto kwindalo esingqongileyo, ngakumbi ubushushu kwindalo ebeka amasuntswana ekushukumiseni, iphazamise indlu enobunkunkqele yamakhadi e-superposition kunye nokunyanzela isuntswana elithile ukuba lithathe indawo A okanye inqaku B , kodwa ayizange yenzeke zombini ngaxeshanye.

Ke, xa izazinzulu zifunda ngeziganeko ze-quantum ziya kubude obukhulu ukwahlula izinto ezizifundayo kwimeko-bume engqongileyo, ngesiqhelo ngokunciphisa iqondo lobushushu kuvavanyo lwabo ukuya kuthi ga kwi-zero epheleleyo.

Kodwa ubungqina buya busanda kwihlabathi lobuchwephesha bezityalo ukuba ezinye iinkqubo zebhayoloji ezixhomekeke kubungakanani obugqithisileyo zenzeka kumaqondo obushushu aqhelekileyo, kuphakamisa ukuba kungenzeka ukuba ilizwe elingaqondakaliyo lobuchwephesha be-quantum lingenelele ekusebenzeni kwemihla ngemihla kwezinye iinkqubo zebhayoloji, ezinje iinkqubo zemithambo-luvo.

Umzekelo, ngoMeyi 2018 iqela lophando kwiDyunivesithi yaseGroningen ebandakanya ifiziksi uThomas la Cour Jansen bafumene ubungqina bokuba izityalo kunye nezinye iintsholongwane ze-photosynthetic zifezekisa phantse i-100% ngokukuko ukuguqula ukukhanya kwelanga kube ngamandla asebenzisayo ngokuxhaphaza into yokuba ukufunxeka kwamandla elanga kubangela ezinye ii-elektroniki iimolekyuli ezithatha ukukhanya ukuze zibekho ngaxeshanye kuzo zombini iindawo ezinemincili nezingonwabisiyo zisasazeka kumgama omde ngaphakathi kwisityalo, zivumela ii-elektroni ezikhanyayo ukuba zifumane eyona ndlela isebenzayo kwiimolekyuli apho ukukhanya kufakwa khona kwiimolekyuli ezahlukeneyo apho amandla asebenzisekayo kuba isityalo senziwe.

Ukuzivelela kwezinto, ekufuneni kwayo okungagungqiyo kobunjineli bobona bomi bonga amandla, kubonakala ngathi kuyityeshele inkolelo yamafiziksi yokuba iimpembelelo eziluncedo azinakwenzeka kwimimandla efudumeleyo, emanzi yebhayoloji.

Ukufunyanwa kweziphumo ze-quantum kwizityalo zebhayoloji kubangele ukuba kubekho icandelo elitsha lezesayensi elibizwa ngokuba yi-quantum biology. Kule minyaka imbalwa idlulileyo, iingcali zebhayoloji ziye zafumanisa ubungqina beempawu zobungakanani bemagnethi kwindawo yokubona kwamehlo kwezinye iintaka (ezivumela iintaka ukuba zihambe ngexesha lokufuduka), nasekusebenziseni ivumba elamkelekileyo ebantwini. Umbono wabaphandi bafumanise ukuba iifotoreceptor ezikwi-retina yomntu ziyakwazi ukuvelisa imiqondiso yombane ukusuka ekubanjweni kwekona enye yamandla okukhanya.

Ngaba indaleko ikwenzile ukuba ubuchopho bethu busebenze kakuhle ekusebenziseni amandla asebenzisekayo okanye ukuhambisa kunye nokugcina ulwazi phakathi kwee-neurons kusetyenziswa iziphumo ze-quantum ezinje nge-superposition kunye ne-entanglement?

Izazinzulu ngeeuros ekuqaleni kwasekuqaleni kokuphanda oku kunokwenzeka, kodwa mna ndonwabile malunga nentsimi ye-quantum neuroscience kuba inokukhokelela ekuphumeleleni komhlathi ekuqondeni kwethu ingqondo.

Ndiyithetha le nto kuba imbali yesayensi isifundisa ukuba olona phumo lukhulu phantse lonke luhlala luvela kwiingcinga ezithi, ngaphambi kokuba kuqhambuke inkqubela ethile, zivakale ngendlela emangalisayo. Ukufumanisa kuka-Einstein ukuba indawo kunye nexesha ziyinto enye (ubudlelwane ngokubanzi) ngumzekelo omnye, ukufumanisa kukaDarwin ukuba abantu bavela kwiifom zobomi zakudala, yenye into. Kwaye ke, ukufunyanwa kukaPlanck, u-Einstein kunye noBohr koomatshini bokwenza ubungakanani kwindawo yokuqala, yenye into.

Konke oku kuthetha ukuba izimvo ezisemva komdlalo wexesha elizayo ziguqula inkqubela phambili kwi-neuroscience, namhlanje kuya kubonakala ngathi uninzi lwabantu alunasimilo kwaye alunakwenzeka.

Ngoku, ngenxa yokuba ubungakanani bebhayoloji ebuchotsheni ivakala ngathi ayiqhelekanga kwaye ayinakwenzeka ayizenzekeli ngokuzenzekelayo ukuba ibe ngumthombo wokutsiba okulandelayo okuqhubela phambili kwi-neuroscience. Kodwa ndinokuzingela ukuba ukuqonda okunzulu kweempembelelo ze-quantum kwiinkqubo eziphilayo kuya kunika ulwazi olutsha olubalulekileyo malunga neengqondo zethu kunye neenkqubo zeentlanzi, ukuba akukho sizathu esinye, ukuba ukufumana imbono ye-quantum kuya kubangela ukuba izazinzulu zikhangele iimpendulo ezingaqhelekanga kwaye iindawo ezintle abangazange bacinge ngazo ukuphanda ngaphambili.

Kwaye xa abaphandi bejonga kwezi zinto zingaqhelekanga nezimangalisayo, ezo zinto zinokwenzeka, njengabazala babo ababambekayo kwi-particle physics, jonga emva kwabo!