Uvavanyo lweeNgqondo zikaRhulumente wase-US

Iprojekthi ye-MKULTRA yayiyinkqubo yolawulo lwengqondo ye-Arhente yoBuntlola (i-CIA) eyayisebenzisa i-LSD kunye neendlela zokulalisa ngomnwe kubantu abathile. U-Theodore Kaczynski, okwabizwa ngokuba yi-Unabomber, wayethathe inxaxheba kolunye uvavanyo lukaHenry Murray eHarvard apho iqela likaMurray labangcungcuthekisa, labangcungcuthekisa, nangokwengqondo. UHenry Murray wayekhe wasebenzela i-CIA eyandulelayo kwaye kungenzeka ukuba wayefumana inkxaso-mali kwinkqubo efihlakeleyo ye-MKULTRA.

Imbali yee-Breeches zokuziphatha

Inzululwazi inesabelo sayo ekwaphuleni imigaqo yokuziphatha, ihlala inabantu abasesichengeni sokuxhatshazwa (UDavis, 2006). Ukusuka ngo-1932-1972, isifundo saseTuskegee Syphilis sagaya amadoda amnyama kwizifundo zegcushuwa (Amdur, 2011). Abantwana kwizibhedlele zengqondo bosulelwe sisifo sokudumba kwesibindi (izifundo zeWillowbrook Hepatitis ngeminyaka yoo-1950), bavezwa zizixhobo ezinemitha yeathom (i-Davis, 2006), kunye nezigulana ezinenkqubo yomzimba yokuzikhusela ziye zatofelwa iiseli zomhlaza ophilayo. Amdur, 2011). Ukuphendula kwiziganeko zolu hlobo kukhokelele kwiNkqubo yeBhodi yokuHlola yeZiko yanamhlanje, esekwe kwimigaqo yeNgxelo ye-Belmont ka-1974 (Amdur & Bankert, 2011; Bankert & Amdur, 2006).

Uphando lokuziphatha ngokufihlakeleyo kuRhulumente wase-US

I-CIA iphendule kwiingxelo zeekhemikhali ezisetyenziselwa ukuphanda imibuzo kunye nokuhlamba ingqondo eSoviet Union kunye neRiphabhlikhi yaBantu base China kwiminyaka ye-1940 kunye neye-1950. Ukuphendula kolu loyikiso kukhuseleko lwesizwe, baphuhlise uthotho lweenkqubo kubandakanya iMKULTRA (iKomiti eKhethiweyo yoBuntlola kunye neKomiti yezaBasebenzi, 1977). Ukusukela ngo-1953-1964, urhulumente wase-US wenza uphando lokulungisa indlela yokuziphatha ebantwini apho bavavanya, phakathi kwezinye izinto, ukusetyenziswa kwe-hypnosis kunye ne-LSD ngeenjongo zokufihla. (Inethiwekhi ye-CBS, 1984; I-CIA, 1977; IKomiti eKhethiweyo yoBuntlola kunye neKomiti yezaBasebenzi, 1977).

Unyango Inkqubo egxile ekuqwalaseleni, enxulumene nokuqonda equlathe kwinqanaba lokungeniswa kunye nenqanaba lesiphakamiso (UKassin, 2004). Kwinqanaba lokungeniswa, ingqalelo yomntu iba nefuthe. Kwinqanaba lokucebisa, umntu uvulelekile kwiingcebiso ezenziwe ngumluthisi. I-Hypnosis ngamanye amaxesha isetyenziselwa ukunyanga i-phobias, uxinzelelo, kunye nentlungu (UZimbardo, Johnson, & Weber, 2006). Ubungqina bubonisa ukuba abo balaliswe ngomlingo abazukuthobela iingcebiso ngokuchasene nentando yabo (iWade neTavris, 2000).

Abantu bahlukile ekuthintekeni kwabo kwi-hypnosis (IKirsch kunye neBraffman, 2001). USolomon Asch ubambe umxholo wehipnosis ngengxoxo yokuba umdla kwi-hypnosis ubuyintoni ebangela ukuba uphando lwezobuchwephesha kwezentlalo lube nophando malunga nokucebisa ngokubanzi (Asch, 1952). Iprojeki ye-CIA ye-ARTICHOKE isebenzise i-sodium pentothal kunye ne-hypnosis kubathathi-nxaxheba ekukhangekeni kweendlela ezisebenzayo zokubuza imibuzo (Khetha iKomiti yokuFunda imisebenzi kaRhulumente ngokuhlonipha imisebenzi yezobuntlola, iNdlu yeeNgwevu yaseMelika, 1976).

Inkqubo ye-CIA's MKULTRA yayiquka iiprojekthi ezifihlakeleyo ezixhaswe yi-CIA kumaziko angama-80 kunye nabaphandi abali-185 (Eschner, 2017). Uninzi lweerekhodi zenkqubo zatshatyalaliswa ngokwemiyalelo yoMlawuli weCIA uRichard Helms ngo-1973, kodwa ezinye ezaziphosakele ekutshatyalalisweni zafunyanwa ngo-1977 (iKomiti eKhethiweyo yoBuntlola kunye neKomiti yezaBasebenzi, 1977). I-CIA Chemist uSidney Gottleib waqhuba inkqubo ye-MKULTRA (Gross, 2019). Inkqubo yayiqhutywa ngokukodwa ukuba nendlela eyakhiwe ngayo yokuxhasa uphando malunga nokuziphatha okunxulumene nokuhlamba ingqondo ngaphandle kokutsala umdla woluntu okanye imibuzo yokuziphatha evela kuluntu lwenzululwazi. Izifundo zivavanye ukuhlamba ingqondo kunye nokubuza imibuzo kwaye zibandakanya izicelo zentsimi emva kwezifundo zaselebhu.

Zazinjani ezinye zezi zifundo? Umxholo omnye kukuba uninzi lwalungenayo imvume enolwazi kunye nolawulo olufanelekileyo lokuziphatha. U-Ewen Cameron uzame ukucima iinkumbulo ngokunyanga okuphindaphindiweyo kwe-electro-shock, enyanzelisa iinyanga zokulala ezibangelwa ziziyobisi, kwaye elawula i-LSD kwizigulana zakhe eMontreal (Kassam, 2018). Iyeza elaziwa njenge I-LSD (i-lysergic acid diethylamide) , yi-agonist ye-serotonin eyenza imbonakalo egqwethekileyo yokubona (UCarlson, 2010). Uninzi lwezi zigulana zeza eklinikhi ukuze luzokunyangwa uxinzelelo olulinganiselweyo kwaye endaweni yoko ziye zaxhatshazwa.

Njengenxalenye yenkqubo ye-MKULTRA, i-Agent ye-CIA yaqesha oonongogo ukuba batyibilize i-LSD kwiziselo zabantu kwaye baqaphela okwenzekileyo ngesipili esineendlela ezimbini (iZetter, 2010). Ngo-1953, uGqirha uFrank Olson wanikwa i-LSD ziiarhente ze-CIA engazi kwaye wasweleka ngenxa yoko (iKomiti eKhethiweyo yoBuntlola kunye neKomiti yezaBasebenzi, 1977). Iiarhente zeCIA zilawula i-LSD kwabanye abemi ebedibana kuzo kwimivalo nakwezinye iindawo. Iiarhente zamema abemi "kwizindlu ezikhuselekileyo" eSan Francisco naseNew York City apho babenikwa khona iziyobisi ngaphandle kwemvume.

Amabanjwa, abaguli abanomhlaza abagulayo, kunye namajoni aseMelika nawo asetyenziselwa ezinye zezifundo, kwaye ezinye izifundo ezicetywayo zazifuna ukuvelisa ukungqubana kwengqondo ngamaza esandi. Uninzi lophando lujolise kuphuhliso lwe "serum yinyani" eya kuthi iququzelele ukuthobela ekubuzweni (Ikomiti ekhethekileyo yoBuntlola kunye neKomiti yezaBasebenzi, 1977).

IZiko leSizwe lezeMpilo yeNgqondo lixhase ngemali ezinye zezifundo ezenziwa kumabanjwa amakhoboka eziyobisi. I-LSD yenziwa kumajoni angaphezu kwe-1,100 emkhosini wase-U.S. (Khetha iKomiti yezobuNtlola kunye neKomiti yezabaSebenzi, ngo-1977.) Ngokutsho kweKomiti yeeNdlu yeeNgwevu yase-US yokuFunda ngokuSebenza kukaRhulumente ngokuhlonipha imisebenzi yezobuntlola (1976), “Ezi nkqubo zovavanyo ekuqaleni zazibandakanya ukuvavanywa kwamachiza kubandakanya izifundo zabantu, kwaye kwaphelela kwiimvavanyo kusetyenziswa izifundo ezingaziwayo, ezingavolontiya zabantu. Olu vavanyo lwaluyilelwe ukukhangela iziphumo ezinokubakho zeekhemikhali okanye iiarhente zebhayoloji xa zisetyenziswa ngokukuko ngokuchasene nabantu abangazi ukuba bafumene ichiza ”(iphepha 385).

I-Harvard's Unabomber

Olunye uphononongo olunengxaki yokuziphatha lwenziwa nguHenry A. Murray. UMurray wayenguprofesa kwiYunivesithi yaseHarvard kwaye wayesebenze kwiOfisi yeeNkonzo zeQhinga (eyandulela i-CIA) ngexesha leMfazwe yesibini (II) yeHlabathi. Wabhala "Uhlalutyo loBuntu buka-Adolph Hitler," Olu yayilucazululo lwengqondo lukaHitler olwalusetyenziswa ngumkhosi. Ngeli xesha, wanceda ekuphuhliseni iimvavanyo zokuhlola amajoni, ukuqhuba uvavanyo malunga nokuhlamba ingqondo, kunye nokuchonga ukuba amajoni angamelana njani nokuncinwa. Izifundo zokuncinwa zibandakanya ukubuza imibuzo ngamajoni njengenxalenye yokuvavanya umda weendawo zabo zokuphula umthetho (Chase, 2000). Ukusuka kwi-1959-1962, uMurray waqhuba izifundo ezinje ngemibuzo kwizidanga zokuqala zaseHarvard (Chase, 2000). UTheodore Kaczynski, owathi kamva waziwa njenge-Unabomber, wayengomnye wabathathi-nxaxheba abangama-22 kwisifundo sikaMurray, owayephantsi kweminyaka eliqela yokuncinwa eyenzelwe ukophula lo mfana ngokwasengqondweni.

Isiphelo

Akumangalisi ukuba incwadi kaRichard Condon yowe-1959, Umgqatswa waseManchurian, ithathe ingqalelo enkulu ngexesha lokuphela kwenkqubo yenkqubo yeMKULTRA.Umjelo wezinye iimovie kwakamsinya emva kwetyala leNdlu yeeNgwevu yowe-1977 yachukumisa uloyiko lwabemi abaninzi lokuphathwa gadalala kukarhulumente ngokwengqondo (umzekelo, Imfihlelo yeNIMH ngo-1982 kunye Iprojekthi X Ngo-1987). Ukoyikeka kokuxhaphaza ngokuxhaphaza kufumaneka kubalinganiswa abanjengoScreenslaver kwi Iimpawu ezimangalisayo 2 ukusukela ngo-2018.