Yintoni i-Self-Stigma kwaye kutheni ibuhlungu?

URamadya Ramadurai, ugqirha we-Ph.D. Umfundi ophumelele kwisayikholoji yezonyango kwiYunivesithi yaseMelika, wenza igalelo kule posi.

Ibala lichazwa njengophawu lweentloni okanye ukunganyaniseki. Ngokwethiyori yokuphawula ngokwentlalontle sinokuqonda ukubekwa amabala kwempilo yengqondo njengophawu lwehlazo okanye ukunganyaniseki okusetyenziswa kwabo bahlangabezana nokuphazamiseka ngokweemvakalelo, abathi ke babhalwe, babekwe emgceni, kwaye bacalulwe.

Kuyaziwa ukuba ibala lezempilo yengqondo yinto exhaphakileyo kuluntu. Isimo sengqondo esichaziweyo kunye nokucalulwa kwabantu iimeko, kunye nocalucalulo ngokubanzi, kwabo bafumana iingxaki zempilo yengqondo.

Mhlawumbi into engaziwayo ncam yile eyenzekayo xa olu lucalucalulo kunye neengcinga ezibaxekileyo zibekwa ngaphakathi kwindlela umntu azibona ngayo?

Ukwamkelwa buqu kunye nokuvumelana neenkolelo ezisoloko zisenziwa kunye neenkolelo zokugweba ezibizwa ngokuchasene nawe, kubizwa ngokuba kukuzibeka ibala (Corrigan, Watson, & Barr, 2006) okanye ibala langaphakathi (Watson et al., 2007). Kwimodeli yoxinzelelo encinci esetyenziswa ngokubanzi (UMeyer, 2003), ukubekwa amabala okanye ukubekwa ibala ngaphakathi sisiphumo esivelayo soxinzelelo olubangelwa ngamava ebala. Inkqubo-sikhokelo yolamlo lwengqondo (IHatzenbuehler, 2009) iyavuma ukuba iziphumo eziqinisekileyo njengokuzibek 'ibala kunokuchaza unxibelelwano phakathi kweziphumo ezikude zokubekwa ibala lentlalontle kunye nonyango lwengqondo.

Ibala langaphakathi linxulunyaniswa noxinzelelo olukhethekileyo lweemvakalelo, ukuphulukana nokuzithemba, iimvakalelo zokuziva ungaxabisekanga, ukuphulukana nokusebenza ngokwakho, kunye nemicimbi yezempilo yengqondo. Ukuzenza ibala kuza nangendleko yokusebenza. Umzekelo, ukubekwa ibala ngaphakathi kungakhokelela ekubeni umntu angade afake isicelo somsebenzi kuba bekholelwa ukuba abanako.

Izigulana ezikwiSibhedlele iMcLean seNkqubo yokuziPhatha kwezeMpilo kwiZibhedlele eziHlala zihlala zithetha ngebala lezempilo yengqondo. Senze isifundo kwiminyaka embalwa edlulileyo ukuqonda ukuba ibala langaphakathi linokuba nefuthe njani kwiziphumo zonyango. Nantsi into esiyifumeneyo:

• Abantu abanamanqanaba aphezulu okubekwa ngaphakathi kwisimo sokwamkelwa babenobunzima obukhulu beempawu kunye nomgangatho ophantsi wokuzixela wobomi, ukusebenza, kunye nempilo yomzimba xa ikhutshwa (UPearl et al., 2016).
• Ngexesha lonyango, abathathi-nxaxheba banamava okuncitshiswa kwehlazo langaphakathi.
• Abo bahlangabezane neenqobo zotshintsho oluthembekileyo kubuhlanti bangaphakathi bafumana amava okuphucuka okukhulu kwiziphumo ezininzi zeempawu.
• Iziphumo zazingqinelana kwiimpawu zokuthatha inxaxheba ezinjengobuhlanga, isini, ubudala, isifo, kunye nembali yokuzibulala.

Asiqinisekanga ncam ukuba zeziphi iinxalenye zonyango lwethu ezincedileyo ukunciphisa ukubekwa ibala kwabaguli ngaphakathi. Inokuba zizinto ezininzi, kwaye iyahluka ukusuka komnye umntu uye komnye. Ndiya kuqikelela ukuba ukusebenzisana nokuxhasa kunye nezinye izigulana kunye nabasebenzi bancedile. Mhlawumbi imfundo yengqondo efunyenwe kwiiseshoni zonyango ezahlukeneyo zamaqela ikwanceda ukuphelisa iinkolelo zabanye abantu malunga neempawu zempilo yengqondo.

Inye into eqinisekileyo- ukuba nje ukubekwa ibala kwimpilo yengqondo kuhlala kungumba wezentlalo, kukho imfuneko yongenelelo olunceda abantu kwinqanaba ngalinye ngamava abo okubekwa ibala ngaphakathi. Iingcali zengqondo sele ziqalisile ukuphuhlisa kunye nokuvavanya ungenelelo olujolise ekuncedeni abantu baphathe ngcono kwaye baqonde uxinzelelo olunxulumene nebala abanokufumana kulo. Uninzi lwalamangenelelo lube neziphumo zokuqala ezithembisayo, kokubini ekunciphiseni ukubekwa ibala kwempilo yengqondo ngaphakathi, kunye nokuqinisa iindlela ezinxulumene nokuzithemba kunye nethemba.

Uphononongo olucwangcisiweyo lwakutsha nje lufumanise ukuba uninzi longenelelo lwe-self-stigma lusekwe kwiqela, lusebenze ngokufanelekileyo ukunciphisa ibala langaphakathi, kwaye lubandakanya imfundo yengqondo, ithiyori yokuziphatha ngokuziphatha, ungenelelo olujolise ekuchazeni, okanye indibaniselwano yezi zintathu (Alonso et al., 2019).

Umzekelo, Ukuza ngokuziqhenya (Corrigan et al., 2013) yiprothokholi esekwe kwiqela elisekwe kwiqela elikhokelwa ngoontanga (abantu abanamava abaphila nesifo sengqondo). Ugxininiso lwayo kukuhlola kunye nenkuthazo yesimo sokuziqhelanisa nokubhengeza ukugula ngengqondo, njengesixhobo sokulwa ukubekwa amabala. Bacebisa ukuba kukho ixesha kunye nendawo yokufihla kunye nexesha kunye nendawo yokuveza, kwaye ikhosi yenzelwe ukuxhobisa abantu ukuba benze ukhetho benoko engqondweni. Le protocol inokuba namandla ngokukodwa ekulweni ibala kuba ikhokelwa ngoontanga.

Omnye umzekelo kukuphuculwa kweNgcaciso kunye noNyango lweCognitive (NECT; iYanos et al., 2011), iseshoni yama-20 esekwe kwiqela elisekwe kwiprothokholi ekhokelwa ngumgqirha. Isekwe kwimbono yokuba abantu abaninzi abagula ngengqondo baziva isidingo sokubuyisa kunye nokufumana kwakhona ubunikazi kunye neenqobo ezisemgangathweni, ezinokuthi zingcoliswe ngumbono woluntu wokufumanisa isifo. Olu nyango lubandakanya ukwabelana ngamava anxulumene nesifo sengqondo, ingxelo evela kumalungu eqela, ukufundiswa kwengqondo malunga nokuzimela, ukulungiswa kwengqondo, kwaye ekugqibeleni "ukuphucula ingxelo" apho abantu bakhuthazwa ukuba bakhe, babelane, kwaye babone ingxelo yabo ngelensi entsha.

Ukomelela kongenelelo lokuzibeka ibala olusekwe kwiqela kuyacaca- baququzelela ukusebenzisana koontanga kunye nokuvula iingxoxo zamaqela ezinokuthi zitshintshe kwaye ziphelise iingcinga ezimbi ezabiweyo. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yokoyika ukubekwa amabala, kunye nokufakwa ngaphakathi kwebala kubonakalisiwe njengezithintelo ekufuneni ukhathalelo lwempilo yengqondo, le fomathi inokuba ngumceli mngeni ekufikeleleni kongenelelo.Ukuhanjiswa kongenelelo lokuzenzakalisa ngokusebenzisa ezinye iindlela zonxibelelwano, ezinje ngee-smartphones, kunokunceda ukufikelela kubantu abazive benqabile ukufuna iinkonzo okanye abahlala kwiindawo apho amaqela angafumaneki. Nokuba yeyiphi na indlela yokuhambisa, kuyacaca ukuba ukwenza uluntu olomeleleyo nabantu ababelana ngamava aphilayo ngokugula kwengqondo, kunokuba kukuphilisa.

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ICorrigan, P.W, Watson, A. C., kunye neBarr, L. (2006). Ukuzibeka ibala lokugula ngengqondo: Iziphumo zokuzithemba kunye nokusebenza ngokwakho. Ijenali yezeNtlalontle kunye nonyango lwezengqondo, 25 (8), 875-884. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2006.25.8.875

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Pearl, R. L., Forgeard, M. J. C., Rifkin, L., Beard, C., & Björgvinsson, T. (2016, Epreli 14). Ibala langaphakathi lokugula ngengqondo: iinguqu kunye nemibutho eneziphumo zonyango. Ibala neMpilo. 2 (1), 2–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/sah0000036

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