Ngubani owayeyiPsychology's First True Genius?

Nalu uvavanyo lwento enye: "Ngubani owasungula isayensi yeengqondo?"

Enye impendulo inokuba ngu "William James," owabhala incwadi yokuqala yengqondo, Imigaqo yePsychology, ngo-1890.

Uya kufumana amanye amanqaku ngokuphendula "uWilhelm Wundt." Ewe, uWundt waqala ilabhoratri yokuqala ngokusesikweni ngo-1879, kwiYunivesithi yaseLeipzig, kwaye uWilliam James ekuqaleni waphefumlelwa ukuba afunde ngezengqondo xa efunda elinye lamaphepha kaWundt ngo-1868, ngelixa wayetyelele iJamani.

Kodwa uWundt ngokwakhe wawuqala umsebenzi wakhe njengomncedisi webhu kwindoda endiya kuyityumba njengengqondo yokuqala yengqondo: UHermann Helmholtz.

I-Helmholtz yenze okungenani ubuncinci igalelo elikhulu kwizengqondo zangoku:

1. Wayengowokuqala ukulinganisa isantya sempembelelo ye-neural. (Ngokwenza njalo, i-Helmholtz ilitshitshisile ngokupheleleyo eli qhinga langaphambili lokuba imiqondiso yemithambo-luvo yayihamba kwangoko, ihamba ngesantya esingapheliyo.)

2. Wayiqhubela phambili ithiyori ye-trichromatic yombala wombala , ngokuqaqambileyo etyhola ukuba bekukho iintlobo ezintathu ezahlukeneyo zemibala eyamkelayo kwiliso, ephendule ngokukhethekileyo kumbala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, oluhlaza, kunye nobomvu (into ebonakalisiweyo iyinyani kwinkulungwane kamva). Le ithiyori yaphikisana nembono, yayithandwa kuphela kwiminyaka embalwa ngaphambi kwexesha lakhe, lokuba naluphi na uhlobo lweeseli zemithambo-luvo lwalunokudlulisa naluphi na ulwazi. Yacebisa kungekuphela ukuba iintlobo ezahlukeneyo ze-neurons ezihambisa iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zolwazi, kodwa nokuba ngaphakathi kwengqondo ebonakalayo, kukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zolwazi ezithunyelwa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo zeliso.

Inye ingxaki ekuchongeni iHelmholtz njengengqondo yokuqala yengqondo: U-Helmholtz ngekhe azichaze njengengcali yeengqondo. Oku kungenxa yokuba kwakungekho ndawo inje ngengqondo phaya kwii-1800s zakuqala. UWilhelm Wundt waqeqeshwa njenge-biologist, kunye noWilliam James njengefilosofi. Kodwa bobabini uWundt noJames bagqiba ekubeni bazichaze njengezifo zengqondo. U-Helmholtz, kwelinye icala, waqala umsebenzi wakhe njengoprofesa we-physiology, kwaye emva kokuzibandakanya kwi-psychophysics okwethutyana, watshintsha ubungqina bakhe ukuba abe ngunjingalwazi we-physics. Iminyaka yakhe yokugqibela wayenganikelwanga kuphando lwenzululwazi lwengqondo, kodwa kwi-thermodynamics, imetology, kunye ne-electromagnetism. Ewe, igalelo likaHelmholtz kwi-physics liphumelele kuye. Le minikelo ikhokelele umlawuli ukuba amnyusele kwizidwangube (kungoko igama lakhe laba nguHermann von Helmholtz). (Ubomi bukaHelmholtz yayingengabo ubugqwirha kwibali lobutyebi, kodwa ngokuqinisekileyo yayiyinto ebalulekileyo yokuhamba phezulu. Utata wakhe wayengumfundisi-ntsapho, kwaye wayengenayo indlela yokuthumela unyana wakhe okrelekrele eyunivesithi ayokufundela ifiziksi. Endaweni yoko, uHelmholtz wathatha Uncedo kwisivumelwano esenziwa ngumkhosi wasePrussia - baya kuhlawula uqeqesho lwakhe kwezamayeza, ukuba angavuma ukukhonza iminyaka esi-8 njengogqirha wezomkhosi emva kokuthweswa isidanga). Endleleni yokuba lilungu le-aristocracy ngenxa yempumelelo yakhe kwi-physics, kunye nokukhuthaza iingcali zengqondo ezikhulayo ezifana noWundt noJames, uHelmholtz naye wenza i-opthalmoscope, kwaye wabhala incwadi kwi-optics eyayisetyenziswa kakhulu kwisiqingatha senkulungwane. Ngelixa bekufanele ukuba ufunda isiLatin kwisikolo samabanga aphakamileyo, endaweni yoko wenza iidrafti ezibonakalayo phantsi kwedesika yakhe. Ngelixa wayefunda kwisikolo sezonyango, wafumana ixesha lokudlala ipiyano, wafunda uGoethe kunye noByron, kwaye wafunda ukubala okubalulekileyo (UFancher noRutherford, 2015).

Makhe sijonge ngokuthe ngqo kwinto eyayinobuhlakani ngolu phononongo lincinci lwe-polymath yeempembelelo ze-neural kunye nethiyori yakhe yombono wombala, nangona.

Ukutshixa isantya sempembelelo ye-neural.

Yeyiphi into enkulu malunga nokulinganisa isantya sempembelelo ye-neural? Ewe, ngaphambi kwexesha likaHelmholtz, iingcali zazikholelwa ukuba impembelelo ye-neural yayikhawuleza, ihamba ngesantya esingapheliyo okanye esikufutshane. Xa isikhonkwane sihlaba ngomnwe wakho, kuloo mbono, ingqondo yakho iyayazi kwangoko. Umcebisi kaHelmholtz, ugqirha wezobuchwephesha uJohannes Müller, ucacise oku kusasazwa kwangoko ngaphandle kwendawo yesayensi, umzekelo wokusebenza "kwamandla obomi" angaqondakaliyo awayexhasa imisebenzi yazo zonke izinto eziphilayo.

Kodwa uHelmholtz kunye nabanye abafundi bakaMüller bakholelwa ukuba akukho mandla angummangaliso. Endaweni yoko, baqikelela ukuba xa unokukhanyisa isibane kuyo nayiphi na into eyenzekayo ngaphakathi kwinto ephilayo, uya kufumanisa ukusebenza nje kweekhemikhali kunye neziganeko ezibonakalayo. Njengoprofesa omncinci kwiYunivesithi yaseKonigsberg, uHelmholtz wenza isixhobo esasibophelela inyawo lamasele kwi-galvanometer, ngohlobo lokuba umsinga ogqitha kwithambo lethanga leFrog liza kubangela ukukhaba okuya kucima umbane. Into ayifumanisileyo yeyokuba xa wayewubeka umlenze wesele kufutshane nonyawo, iswitch yenzeka ngokukhawuleza ngokungathethekiyo kunangexa wayephakamisa umlenze. Esi sixhobo samkhokelela ekuqikeleleni isantya ngqo-umqondiso ubonakala ngathi uhamba kunye ne-neurons yomlenze wesele kwi-57 mph.

Emva koko wasiphinda isifundo nabantu abaphilayo. Wafundisa izifundo zakhe ukucofa iqhosha ngokukhawuleza xa besiva imilenze yabo. Xa wayephethe uzwane, kwakuthatha ixesha elide ukuba isifundo siyibhalise kunangexesha lokucofa ithanga. Ngokucacileyo, uzwane luqhubeke ebuchotsheni, ke oku kubonise ukuba impembelelo ye-neural ithathe ixesha elingaphezulu ngokulinganayo ukubhalisa xa kufuneka ihambile. Oku kwakumangalisa kuba abantu bahlala befumana iinkqubo zengqondo njengoko zisenzeka ngephanyazo. Kwaye ngelo xesha, ii-physiologists babecinga ukuba iinkqubo ezisisiseko kufuneka zikhawuleze. Ukuba besineminenga ngesehlo, bekuya kuthatha phantse umzuzwana opheleleyo ukuba ingqondo yethu yazi ukuba intlanzi ithathe into ebalileyo emsileni, kunye nomnye umzuzwana opheleleyo wokuthumela umyalezo kwimisipha yomsila ukutshintsha iintlanzi.

Ngexesha lenkulungwane elandelayo, iingcali zengqondo zisebenzise kakhulu le ndlela "yokusabela ixesha", beyisebenzisa ukuqikelela ukuba ingakanani inkqubo ye-neural ebandakanyekayo kwimisebenzi eyahlukeneyo (ukwahlula ixesha elide okanye ukuguqulela isivakalisi kulwimi lwethu lwesibini xa kuthelekiswa nokudibanisa amanani amabini okanye ukufunda ngokufanayo isivakalisi ngolwimi lwethu lweenkobe, umzekelo).

Ezi ntlobo zintathu zokufumana umbala kwiliso

U-Johannes Müller, owayengumcebisi ka-Helmholtz, kungenzeka ukuba wabambelela kwinkolo yamandulo kumandla obomi asebenza kwangoko, kodwa wayekwaxhasa nezimvo ezintsha eziguqukayo, kubandakanya "nomthetho wamandla athile emithambo-luvo" - eyayingumbono wokuba yonke imithambo-luvo yeemvakalelo Uqhuba uhlobo olunye kuphela lolwazi. Isazi ngembali yezenzululwazi uRaymond Fancher ukhankanya ukuba umbono wokuqala wendabuko ngaphambili yayikukuba ii-neurons yayizizibhubhu ezingenanto ezinokudlulisa naluphi na uhlobo lwamandla-umbala, ukukhanya, ivolumu, ithoni, nokuba livumba okanye incasa okanye uxinzelelo lolusu. Kodwa umbono omtsha yayikukuba ingqiqo nganye yayineeurons zayo ezahlukeneyo.

Ithiyori ye-trichromatic iphakamise ukuba ibicacile ngakumbi kunelo-iliso linokuqulatha iintlobo ezintathu ezahlukeneyo zokufumana, nganye idlulisa ulwazi malunga necandelo elithile lesibuko. U-Helmholtz uqaphele ukuba yonke imibala eyahlukeneyo ye-spectrum inokuphinda yenziwe ngokudibanisa izibane zemibala emithathu ephambili-eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, eluhlaza kunye nobomvu. Ukuba ukhanyisa ukukhanya okuluhlaza kunye nokukhanya okubomvu kwindawo enye, uya kubona umbala omthubi. Ukuba ukhanyisa ukukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kunye nokukhanya okubomvu kwindawo enye uya kubona umbala omfusa, kwaye ukuba ukhanyisa yonke imibala emithathu, uya kubona umhlophe. I-Helmholtz ithathele ingqalelo kule yokuba mhlawumbi ingqondo inokumisela umbala owawujongileyo ukuba idibanisa ulwazi oluvela kwiintlobo ezintathu ze-retinal receptors. Ukuba ii-receptors ezibomvu ziyadubula, kodwa iiblue zithe cwaka, ubona ubomvu oqaqambileyo, ukuba umbala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nobomvu bobabini badubula ngesantya esiphakathi, ubona umbala omfusa obuthuntu, njl. ugqirha waseBritane uThomas Young, kodwa uHelmholtz wayiphuhlisa ngakumbi. Namhlanje, ithiyori ibizwa ngokuba yi Ithiyori encinci ye-Helmholtz trichromatic.

Kwinkulungwane kamva, ngo-1956, ugqirha wezemvelo kwiYunivesithi yaseHelsinki ogama linguGunnar Svaetichin wafumana inkxaso ethe ngqo kwithiyori ye-trichromatic ngokusebenzisa ii-microelectrodes ukurekhoda imiqondiso ethunyelwa ziiseli ezahlukeneyo kwii-retinas zentlanzi. Ngokuqinisekileyo, ezinye zazinovakalelo oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, ezinye ziluhlaza, ezinye zibomvu.

Ngaphambi kokuba le ngcamango ixhaswe ngokuthe ngqo, yayinempembelelo ebaluleke kakhulu-izikrini zikamabonwakude zikhohlisa iliso ekuboneni imibala hayi ngokuvelisa yonke imibala yomnyama, kodwa ngokusebenzisa iintlobo ezintathu kuphela zeepikseli-ezibomvu, eziluhlaza, eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, kunye ukulungisa ukukhanya kwityeli ngalinye kula mathathu kuvelisa imifanekiso ebonwa yingqondo njengeorenji eqaqambileyo, umbala omdaka, iturquoise, kunye ne-lavender ekhazimlayo.

I-Psychophysics kunye nokufunyanwa kwendalo yomntu

Ukucinga ngoHelmholtz, kunye noogxa bakhe be "psychophysicists," kunokusenza sazi ukuba kuninzi kangakanani esikufundileyo malunga nobume bomntu kwezi nkulungwane zimbini zidlulileyo. Iingcali zefilosofi ziye zaxoxa ngemibuzo eliqela malunga nendlela ingqondo ebeka ngayo indalo ebonakalayo, kodwa iingcali zengqondo zikwazile ukusebenzisa iindlela ezintsha nezingqwabalala zesayensi ukuphendula eminye yale mibuzo isisiseko. Iifiziksi ziphuhlise iindlela zokulinganisa ngokuchanekileyo utshintsho kumandla omzimba kumaza esandi nakumaza okukhanya, emva koko iingcali zengqondo zavelisa iindlela zokurekhoda ukuba amava abantu atshintshe njani, okanye awatshintshanga, kunye nolo tshintsho lwasemzimbeni. Into abayifumanisileyo yayikukuba amava engqondo yomntu ayisiyiyo yonke into eyenzekayo emhlabeni. Ezinye iindlela zamandla omzimba, njengokukhanya kwe-infrared okanye amaza esandi aphakamileyo aphezulu, azibonakali kuthi, kodwa ziyabonakala kwezinye izilwanyana (njengeenyosi kunye namalulwane). Ezinye iintlobo zamandla zibaluleke kakhulu kuthi, kodwa hayi kwiikati zethu zezinja kunye nasezinja (ezinazo iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zokufumana imibala, kwaye zibone umhlaba umnyama nomhlophe, ngaphandle kwevumba elikhulu).

UDouglas T. Kenrick ngumbhali we:

• Isilwanyana esilumkileyo: Ukuzivelela kwezinto okusenzileyo kwasenza ukuba silumke ngakumbi kunokuba sicinga, kwaye:
• Ukwabelana ngesondo, ukubulala, kunye nentsingiselo yoBomi: Isayikholojisti iphanda indlela indaleko, ukuqonda, kunye nokuntsokotha okuguqula umbono wethu ngobume bomntu.

Iiblogi ezinxulumene noko

• Ngaba zikho iingqondi kwicandelo leengqondo? Ngaba isayikholoji inokubamba ikhandlela kwisayensi yekhompyuter?
• Ngoobani iingqondi zengqondo (icandelo II). Abanye oochwephesha bezengqondo abaziwayo ndibaziyo.
• Yintoni eyona nto ifunyenwe ngokugqwesileyo ngokusebenza kwengqondo?

Izalathiso

• UJameson, D., kunye noHurvich LM (1982). UGunnar Svaetichin: indoda yombono. Inkqubela phambili kuPhando lweKlinikhi kunye neBhayiloji, i-13, 307-10.
• Umfanyana, R. E., kunye noRutherford, A. (2016). Oovulindlela bengqondo (Ushicilelo lwesi-5). ENew York: WW Norton kunye neC.