Ukudlala kunye noBuchule

Ukudlala kunye nobuchule zizinto ezibalulekileyo kuphuhliso lomntu. Ukujonga umdlalo kunye nobuchule kumxholo wefuthe ithiyori kunokonyusa ukuqonda kwemvelaphi yabo kunye neendlela zokwenza.

Ukudlala kunye nobuchule zihambelana kodwa zahlukile. Zombini iikhonsepthi zinoluncwadi olukhulu olwazo, oludumileyo kunye nobuchwephesha (umzekelo, Winnicott, 1971; Weiss, 1981; Stern, 1985; Alvarez, 1988; Valeros, 1989; Russ, 1993, 2004, 2014; Amabile, 1996; Khawuleza , 1998; Gomberoff, 2003; Lang, 2007; Brown, 2009; Pinki, 2009; Kaufman kunye neBeghetto, 2009). Umzekelo, elinye iphepha liqaphele ukuba ngaphezulu kwamaphepha ayi-10,000 kubuchule bokubhala kuphela abebhalwe kwiminyaka eli-10 yokuqala yenkulungwane yama-21 (IKaufman neBeghetto, 2009).

Phantse yonke ithiyori yengqondo ibandakanya ukudlala kunye nobuchule kwisakhelo sayo seengcinga. Umzekelo, i-self-psychology ibandakanya ubuchule njengenye yeenguqu ezintlanu ze-narcissism (Kohut, 1966). Ukudlala kunye nobuchule zikwanxulumene nemiba efana nokufunda, imfundo, kunye nomsebenzi weklinikhi wokunyanga isifo sengqondo kunye nonyango lwengqondo.

Ukuchaza uMdlalo kunye noBuchule

Ukudlala kunye nobuchule akukho lula ukuyichaza. Zingaba zizibizo (ukudlala, ukudlala, ukudala, ukudala, ukudala), izenzi (ukudlala, ukudala), izichazi (ukudlala, ukudala), okanye izihlomelo (ngokudlala, ngobuchule). I-Nuances ibonakala ngathi igcwele kula magama. Ngaba kungakho ubuchule obungadlaliyo (umzekelo, ukwenza into entsha ngaphandle kwento yolonwabo)? Uthini ngomdlalo ongayenzisiyo (umzekelo, imidlalo eyakhiweyo kunye nokuphindaphinda umdlalo)?

Ukudlala kunokubonwa njengokuziphatha okanye njengokusebenza kwengqondo yangaphakathi (njengakwi "linge lokucinga"). Ukudlala kuchazwe njengomsebenzi wokuzonwabisa, ngakumbi imisebenzi eyenziwa ngabantwana. Oku kucenga umbuzo ngandlela thile, ekubeni umntwana uhlalutyo lwengqondo u bonisile ukuba ukudlala kunyango kuhlala kubonisa izinto ezichaseneyo zangaphambili kunye neenkxalabo ezikhoyo kunye nemibono emelweyo ngoku. Kuhlala kukho uluvo "lokonwaba" kunye "nolonwabo" olunxulumene nomdlalo.

Ukudala, isichazi-magama sisixelela, kunokuthetha ukuvelisa ngobuchule bokucinga, kunye nokwenza okanye ukwenza into entsha. Ukuyila kunokubhekisa kwinto eyenziweyo entsha kunokuxeliswa. USandra Russ (1993, 2004, 2014) ucebisa ukuba ukuze imveliso ithathelwe ingqalelo njengeyilayo, kufuneka (a) yahluke, yoqobo, yenoveli, kwaye (b) ibe luncedo, iguquke, kwaye ibe ntle. Uninzi lunokuthi lutyhalele umva (b), ngenxa yokuchaphazeleka kokuthintela imeko yalo. UKaufman noBeghetto (2009) baphinde bayandisa inkcazo kunye nokufunda ngobuchule ngokucebisa ngobuchwephesha phakathi kobuchule bemihla ngemihla ("little-c") kunye nobuchule bokuyila ("Big-C") (2009).

Enye indlela yokucacisa le micimbi kukwahlula umdlalo kunye nobuchule ngale ndlela ilandelayo: Umdlalo unokujongwa njengenkqubo efanelekileyo, kunye neendlela zokwenza njengoko kuchaziwe apha ngezantsi. Ukuyila luphawu, isiqinisekiso (esitsha, esahlukileyo), esona siphononongwe ngcono njengenxalenye yophuhliso lwengqondo (umzekelo, ukucinga ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, umfuziselo, kunye nezinto eziyiphupha). Ukudlala kunye nobuchule bunokuchaphazeleka ngokunzulu ngeendlela ngeendlela ngendalo yonke kuphuhliso.

Ukudlala kunye nokuYila: Iindlela zokuSebenza

Elinye lawona mava amangalisayo kunye nokufundisa endakha ndawachaphazela kwenzeka xa ndibetha ibhola ngapha nangapha nentombazana encinci eyayineminyaka emi-2 ubudala. Wayediniwe, kwaye "uxinzelelo" lwaqala ukubonakala ebusweni bakhe: ukuhla, umlomo ogubhayo kunye namashiya. Ke, xa ibhola ithe chu ngokuthe chu kwindlela yakhe, wabonisa iimpendulo zodidi olothusayo, emva koko woyika, emva koko waba nomdla, emva koko, njengoko wayibamba ibhola, ukonwaba. Kwakumangalisa ukubona la mabinzana ehamba ngokukhawuleza ebusweni bakhe! Khumbula ukuba iimpendulo ezichaphazelekayo kwisistim zinokwenzeka kwimillisecond kwaye utshintshe okanye uzinziswe.

Njengoko kuchaziwe ngaphambili, ukumangaliswa, uloyiko, kunye nomdla zinxulumene nesantya kunye nokulungiswa kwesikhuthazo esingenayo. Ukonwaba kubangelwa kukwehla okukhawulezayo kukhuthazo. Yiyo kanye le nto wayeyibonisa kumdlalo.

Ke siya kuwujonga njani umdlalo ngokwembono yeefuthe eziphambili, okt, yintoni ekhuthaza umdlalo? Ukudlala kunokuba nokuqondwa njengenkqubo ebandakanya iimpembelelo ezilungileyo zomdla, ukonwaba kunye nokothuka. Oko sikubiza ngokuba ngumdlalo kubonakala ngathi kubandakanya ukubuyela ecaleni phakathi kokunyuka kunye nokuhla kwesistim esinxulumene nomdla kunye nokonwaba. Ukumangaliswa ngokukhawuleza kunokuba nefuthe elihle okanye elibi. Nokuba ifuthe elibi lichazwe ngokufutshane (umz.

Amakhonkco kaSilvan Tomkins adlala ngochulumanco (okt, ifuthe lomdla / ukonwaba), kwaye, njengokuchaphazela okuhle ngokubanzi, uxoxa ngokwandisa umdlalo: “Umntwana uyakhuthazwa kwaye uvumelekile ukuba adlale nabazali, noontanga, kwaye yedwa. Unxibelelwano oluninzi luguqulwa lube yimidlalo kunye nesiko lokudlala elinokuthi lingathathi cala, libe buthuntu, okanye lingathandeki. Umdlalo uthathwa njengesiphelo ngokwawo ”(iDemos, 1995, iphe. 170).

Njengoko siza kubona, ukuqikelela ukudlala ngale ndlela kunefuthe elibalulekileyo kwimfundo nasekufundeni, ukuthathela ingqalelo nokukhetha, kunye nokuvumela iimpembelelo ezilungileyo ukuba zibalasele kuze ke oko kuphucule ukukhula ngokubanzi.

Ukuyila kubonakala kungaphezulu kophawu oluchazayo (okt, eyahlukileyo, entsha), ebonisa iinkqubo eziphambili zokudlala. Isifundo sobunzululwazi bobuchule sibonakala sibandakanya iinkqubo zengqondo ngakumbi kuneenkqubo ezifanelekileyo, nangona kukho ukungqubana (umzekelo, iRuss, 1993, 2004, 2014; IKaufman kunye neBeghetto, 2009).

Kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba zombini ukudlala kunye nokuyila kunokuthintelwa kakhulu kukusetyenziswa gwenxa kokuchaphazeleka okungalunganga-umzekelo, uloyiko kunye nehlazo- kuphuhliso lwakwangoko. Ukuchaphazeleka okungalunganga kunokunciphisa umdla kunye nokonwaba komntwana-ukudlala-kunye namandla okucinga ngokubanzi-kuyilo. Kwelinye icala, inkuthazo (umzekelo, umdla wabazali kunye nokuqinisekiswa) kunokukhulisa ukudlala kunye nobuchule. Ukubaluleka kwendalo esingqongileyo ekuphuculeni ukukhula kuwo wonke umjikelo wobomi kuchazwe ngokuqaqambileyo ngaphakathi Eyona ibalulekileyo (UGalatzer-Levy kunye noCohler, 1993).

Intrinsic kunye ne-Extrinsic

Kukwaluncedo ukuqwalasela iimbono zangaphakathi nezangaphandle xa ucinga ngokudlala. UTomkins ubhale ngokweenkcukacha malunga nokwahluka okungaphakathi / okungaphandle (iiDemos, 1995): “Imiba ibandakanya ubumbano olusuka kwicala lasekhohlo ukuya kwinqanaba eliphakathi lendlela ukuya kwindawo ephezulu yephiko lasekunene. Imicimbi ilula ngokwaneleyo. Ngaba umntu ngumlinganiso, isiphelo kuye, uyasebenza, uyile, ucinga, unqwenela, unamandla kwindalo? Okanye ngaba umntu kufuneka azazi, afikelele kwisimo sakhe esipheleleyo kuphela ngomzabalazo obheke phambili, ukuthatha inxaxheba, ukuthobela isiqhelo, umlinganiso, eyona nto iphambili phambi nokuzimela komntu? ” (iphepha 117).

Umbono wangaphakathi ujonge ekuchaphazeleni okuhle, ngelixa umbono ongaphandle uthambekele ekubeni unxulumene kakhulu nefuthe elibi. I-intrinsic ibandakanya umdla womntu kunye nokonwaba, kwaye i-extrinsic ichaphazela iinjongo, okulindelweyo, ukugweba kunye neenqobo zangaphandle. Ezi zimvo zinokubaluleka kweklinikhi, o.k.t., kwiingcinga zikaWinnicott zoKwenene (inyathelo lomntu) kunye nokuzimela ngokungeyonyani (ukuthotyelwa) (1960).

UBertrand Russell (URussell noWyatt, ngo-1960) wayiphendula le miba ngendlela enika umdla ngokuthi ahlule phakathi kokuyila nokuba nezinto. enye into ”(iphepha 130). Usebenzise igama elithi “possessive” kuthetha “ukuzizuzela into esele ikhona,” umzekelo, ilofu yesonka, okanye isikhundla okanye iofisi. “Ukuba ubhala umbongo awuthinteli enye indoda ekubhaleni Ukuba upeyinta umfanekiso awuthinteli omnye ekupeyinteni umfanekiso. Ezo zinto ziyilwe kwaye azenziwa ngokudlela omnye umntu ”(iphepha 131).

Ubuchule benzululwazi buhlala buqondwa njengomdlalo, okt iimvakalelo zomdla, ukonwaba kunye nokumangaliswa. Nanku umzekelo othandekayo. Indlela kaCharles Darwin yachazwa ngunyana wakhe uFrancis njengeqaqambileyo kwaye edlamkile njengoko wayesebenza kwiminyaka engamashumi amathandathu: akazange athathe nasiphi na isigqibo ngokufaka iicapsule kwiitreyi ezingalunganga. Ndiyayikhumbula inkangeleko yakhe njengoko wayebala imbewu phantsi kwemicroscope elula kunye nokulumka okungaqhelekanga ukubonisa umsebenzi wobuchwephesha njengokubala. Ndicinga ukuba imbewu nganye imntwisiwe njengedemon encinci izama ukuyiphepha ngokungena kwimfumba engeyiyo okanye ngokutsiba iyonke, kwaye oku kuye kwanika umsebenzi uchulumanco lomdlalo ”(Janet Browne, 2002, p. 414-415).

Ukudlala kunye noMsebenzi weKlinikhi

Ukudlala kubalulekile kuphuhliso (umzekelo, Winnicott, 1971; Stern, 1985; Alvarez, 1988; Greenspan, 1992). Umzekelo, ebusweni beemvakalelo ezahlukeneyo zokuba sesichengeni, unxunguphalo, kunye nokungabikho koncedo, abantwana abancinci bahlala bedlala imidlalo apho bangamaqhawe amakhulu okanye amakhwenkwe okanye nantoni na. Intsomi nemidlalo ziphakathi kweendlela abantwana abanazo zokulawula ukungavisisani okujamelana nokwenzakala, kunye nokuzama kwilizwe lokwenyani. Inkcazo eyaziwayo kaFreud yomdlalo womzukulwana wakhe 'fort-da' ('uhambe-phaya') ngumzekelo (1920).

Ukudlala yenye yeendawo eziphambili kulo lonke unyango lwabantwana-njengoko uHermine Hug-Hellmuth, uMelanie Klein, uAnna Freud nabanye babonisa. Ngelixa kungaphaya komda wethu wangoku, kufanele kuqatshelwe ukuba kukho uncwadi olukhulu olujongana nemicimbi yezobuchwephesha ebandakanya ukudlala kunye nohlalutyo lomntwana kunye nonyango (umzekelo, Winnicott, 1971; Weiss, 1981; Yanof, 1996; Khawuleza, 1998; Holinger, 2016 ). Owona mbuzo ubangel 'umdla uvela kukutshintsha kwemidlalo kunye nobudlelwane ngokwabo ngokuchaseneyo nokutolikwa ngomlomo (uValeros, 1989).

Ukudlala kubalulekile ekusebenzeni nabantu abadala. Umbono wokudlala kunyango lwabantu abadala kunokuthiwa ukhusele ukukhula kwezikolo ezibizwa ngokuba zezobudlelane kunye nezangaphakathi zokucinga, ngokubhekisele kwi-psychodynamics kunye nefuthe lokuguqula ubudlelwane bezigulana nonyango (Winnicott, 1971; Beiser, 1995) .

Omnye unetyala kuDonald Winnicott ngenxa yokuqonda okuninzi, kwaye wabhala kakhulu malunga nokudlala (1971). Ukudlala kunxulumene neziganeko zotshintsho kwaye kunokuqondwa njengendlela yokufikelela kubunyani, uyilo, iinxalenye ezingakhuselwanga kubuntu bomntu-okt, i-True Self (1960). Uye waduma wathi: "Unyango ngengqondo lwenzeka kwindawo ezimbini zokudlala, ezesigulana kunye nonyango ..." (1971, iphe. 38). Umsebenzi we-Therapist, ke, "ukuzisa isigulana kwimeko yokungakwazi ukudlala kwisimo sokukwazi ukudlala ..." (1971, iphe. 38).

Umdlalo uphinde wanxulunyaniswa nobuchule kunye nokuseka ukuzithemba nokuzithemba. UHarry Harlow, emsebenzini wakhe neenkawu, uqaphele: "Ukusebenza komsebenzi kunike umvuzo wangaphakathi" (Pink, 2009, iphe. 3).

URobert White (1959) wasebenzisa igama elithi "inkuthazo yokusebenza" okanye ukonwaba kokusebenza. KuWhite, ubuchule ekubhekiswa kubo “kwimo yomzimba yokunxibelelana ngokufanelekileyo nokusingqongileyo” (iphepha 297). I-Basch (1988) izisa ezi ngcamango kwimodeli yonyango ukubonisa indlela ubomi bethu obuchaphazelekayo obunxulumene ngayo nobuchule kunye nokuzimanya.

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