Umkhanyisi Witmer: I-Biography yale Ngcali yeengqondo zaseMelika

Umxholo

• Omnye wabaqhubi abaphambili bokhathalelo lwabantwana kunyango lwengqondo eUnited States.
• U-Lightner Witmer: i-biography yale ngcali yezengqondo
• Uqeqesho kunye nomsebenzi wokufunda
• Ikliniki yaseMelika yokuqala yezePsychology
• Witmer kunye nokuqala kwengqondo yezonyango

Omnye wabaqhubi abaphambili bokhathalelo lwabantwana kunyango lwengqondo eUnited States.

U-Lightner Witmer (ngo-1867-1956) wayesisazi ngengqondo saseMelika, esaziwa unanamhla njengotata wesayensi yezengqondo. Oku kunjalo okoko waseka ikliniki yokuqala yezengqondo e-United States, eyaqala njengesixhobo selebhu yezengqondo kwiYunivesithi yasePennsylvania neyathi yabonelela ngokukhathalela abantwana.

Kule nqaku Siza kujonga i-biography ka-Lightner Witmer, kunye nezinye zegalelo lakhe eliphambili kwizengqondo zeklinikhi.

U-Lightner Witmer: i-biography yale ngcali yezengqondo

U-Lightner Witmer, owayesakuba ngu-David L. Witmer Jr., wazalwa nge-28 kaJuni, ngo-1867, e-Philadelphia, e-United States. Unyana kaDavid Lightner noKatherine Huchel, kunye namazibulo kubantakwabo abane, uWitmer wafumana isidanga sobugqirha kwezengqondo kwaye kungekudala waba liqabane kwiYunivesithi yasePennsylvania. Kwangokunjalo, wayeqeqeshelwe ubugcisa, ezemali kunye noqoqosho, kunye nesayensi yezopolitiko.

Njengabanye oososayensi kunye noochwephesha belo xesha, uWitmer Wakhula kwimeko yemfazwe yasemva kohlanga eMelika, ejikeleze imeko yeemvakalelo enetyala kakhulu ngenkxalabo kwaye kwangaxeshanye uloyiko nethemba.

Ukongeza, uWitmer wazalelwa eFiladelfia, ekwimeko efanayo eyayiphawulwe ngemisitho eyahlukeneyo ephawula imbali yelizwe, njenge-Battle of Gettysburg kunye nemizabalazo eyahlukeneyo yokuthintela ubukhoboka. Konke oku kungentla kukhokelele uWitmer ukuba aphuhlise inkxalabo ekhethekileyo yokusebenzisa isayikholoji njengesixhobo sokuphucula intlalo.

Uqeqesho kunye nomsebenzi wokufunda

Emva kokuphumelela kwisayensi yezopolitiko, kunye nokuzama ukuqhubeka nokufunda umthetho, uWitmer wadibana nesazinzulu ngengqondo uJames McKeen Cattell, owayengomnye wabaphengululi abanempembelelo yexesha.

Lo mva wamkhuthaza uWitmer ukuba aqalise izifundo zakhe kwezengqondo. Ngokukhawuleza uWitmer waba nomdla kolu qeqesho, ngokuyinxenye kuba wayekade esebenza njengembali kunye nomfundisi ntsapho wesiNgesi enabantwana abakubudala obahlukeneyo, kwaye waye waqaphela ukuba uninzi lwabo lwalunobunzima obahlukeneyo, umzekelo, ukwahlula izandi okanye iileta. Kude nokuba ecaleni, uWitmer wayesebenze ngokusondeleyo naba bantwana, kwaye uncedo lwakhe lwaba luncedo ekwandiseni ukufunda kwabo.

Emva kokudibana noCattell (owayeqeqeshwe nomnye wooyise besayikholoji, uWilhelm Wundt) nasemva kokuvuma ukusebenza njengomncedisi wakhe, UWitmer noCattell baseka ilabhoratri yovavanyo apho injongo ephambili yayikukufunda umohluko kumaxesha okuphendula phakathi kwabantu abohlukeneyo.

Kungekudala uCattell uyishiya iyunivesithi, kunye nelabhoratri, kwaye uWitmer uqalisa ukusebenza njengomncedisi kaWundt kwiYunivesithi yaseLeipzig eJamani. Emva kokufumana ubugqirha, uWitmer wabuyela kwiYunivesithi yasePennsylvania njengomlawuli welebhu yengqondo, egxile kuphando nasekufundiseni kwizengqondo zabantwana.

Ikliniki yaseMelika yokuqala yezePsychology

Njengenxalenye yomsebenzi wakhe kwiYunivesithi yasePennsylvania e-laboratory yengqondo, uWitmer waseka iklinikhi yengqondo yokuqala yokhathalelo lwabantwana eMelika.

Phakathi kwezinye izinto, wayephethe ukusebenzisana nabantwana abohlukeneyo, ngeenjongo zokubanceda boyise oko wayekubiza ngokuba "ziziphene" ekufundeni nakwintlalontle. UWitmer wathi ezi ziphene zazingezizo izifo, kwaye zazinganyanzelekanga ukuba zibangelwe sisiphene sobuchopho, kodwa yayiyimeko yengqondo yokukhula komntwana.

Ngapha koko, wathi aba bantwana akufuneki bathathwe njengabantu "abangaqhelekanga", kuba ukuba baphambukile ukusuka kumndilili, oku kwenzeka kuba ukukhula kwabo kwakukwinqanaba eliphambi kwelesininzi. Kodwa, ngenkxaso yeklinikhi eyoneleyo, yongezwa sisikolo soqeqesho esisebenza njengesikolo esibhedlele, ubunzima babo bunokubuyekezwa.

Witmer kunye nokuqala kwengqondo yezonyango

Kwingxoxo-mpikiswano malunga nokuziphatha okanye ukumiselwa kwendalo esingqongileyo kokuziphatha, eyayilawula okuninzi kwisayikholoji yelo xesha, uWitmer ekuqaleni wazibeka njengomnye wabakhuseli bemicimbi yelifa. Nangona kunjalo, emva kokuqala kongenelelo njengogqirha wezengqondo, Weimer Uthethe ukuba ukukhula kunye nokukwazi komntwana kuqiniswe ngamandla zizinto zendalo kunye nendima yoqoqosho lwentlalo.

Ukusuka apho, iklinikhi yakhe yayijolise ekwandiseni ukufundwa kwesayikholoji yezemfundo nakwimfundo eyayibizwa ngaphambili. Ukongeza, ubizwa ngokuba nguyise wesayensi yezengqondo kuba wayeqala ukusebenzisa igama elithi "Clinical Psychology" ngo-1896, ngexesha leseshoni yokusebenza ye-American Psychological Association (APA).

Kwimeko efanayo, uWitmer Ukhusele ukwahlulwa kwengqondo kunye nefilosofi, ngokukodwa ikhuthaza ukwahlulwa kwe-APA nguMbutho Weentanda-bulumko waseMerika. Ukusukela okokugqibela kuvelise iimpikiswano ezahlukileyo, uWitner noEdward Titchener baseka olunye uluntu kuphela kovavanyo lweengqondo.

UWitmer wayikhusela kabukhali into yokuba uphando olwenziwe kwizifundo zengqondo, kwiilabhoratri, nakwiithiyori eziphuhliswe zizifundiswa ezinkulu, zinokuba nokusetyenziswa okuthe ngqo nokuphucula umgangatho wobomi babantu. Kwangokunjalo, kwisiseko sophuhliso lwe-psychology yeklinikhi sisiseko sokuba ukuziqhelanisa kunye nophando zizinto ezingenakwahlulwa kolu qeqesho.