URichard Lewontin: I-Biography yale Biologist

Umxholo

• I-Lewontin yenye yezona zinto ziphikisanayo malunga nokuziphendukela kwemvelo, umchasi oqinileyo wokumiselwa kwemfuza.
• URichard Lewontin Ubomi
• Iminyaka yokuqala kunye noqeqesho
• Umsebenzi wobungcali njengomphandi
• Umbono kwi-Biology yoPhuculo
• Ushishino lwezolimo

I-Lewontin yenye yezona zinto ziphikisanayo malunga nokuziphendukela kwemvelo, umchasi oqinileyo wokumiselwa kwemfuza.

URichard Lewontin uyaziwa ngaphakathi kwintsimi yakhe, i-biology yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, njengomntu ophikisanayo. Ungumchasi othembekileyo kwisigqibo semfuza, kodwa ungomnye wezona zinto zinkulu zemfuza kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane yama-20.

Ukwayingcali yezibalo kunye nengcali yebhayoloji yendaleko, kwaye ubeke iziseko zokufunda ngemfuza yabemi, nokuba nguvulindlela ekusebenziseni ubuchwephesha bebhayoloji. Makhe sibone ngakumbi ngalo mphandi ngokusebenzisa Ibali elifutshane likaRichard Lewontin.

URichard Lewontin Ubomi

Okulandelayo siza kubona isishwankathelo sobomi bukaRichard Lewontin, obonakaliswe ngokufunda ngemfuza yabemi kunye nokugxeka kwimibono yesiko likaDarwin.

Iminyaka yokuqala kunye noqeqesho

URichard Charles 'Dick' Lewontin wazalwa ngo-Matshi 29, 1929 eNew York Kwintsapho yabafuduki abangamaYuda.

Waye kwisikolo samabanga aphakamileyo iForest Hills kunye ne-olecole Libre des Hautes Études eNew York kwaye ngo-1951 waphumelela kwiDyunivesithi yaseHarvard, wafumana isidanga sebhayoloji. Kunyaka kamva wayeza kufumana i-Master of Statistics, elandelwa ngugqirha kwezilwanyana ngo-1945.

Umsebenzi wobungcali njengomphandi

ILeontin usebenze kuphononongo lwemfuza yabemi. Uyaziwa ngokuba ngomnye wabantu bokuqala ukwenza ikhompyuter yokulinganisa kwe-locus yokuziphatha kofuzo kunye nendlela eya kuba lilifa emva kwezizukulwana ezimbalwa.

Kunye noKen-Ichi Kojima ngo-1960, babeka umzekelo obaluleke kakhulu kwimbali yebhayoloji, ukuyila ii-equation ezichaze utshintsho kumaxesha e-haplotype kwimeko yemeko yokhetho lwendalo. Ngo-1966, kunye noJack Hubby, wapapasha inqaku lezesayensi elalilolona tshintsho lwenene kufundo lwe-genetics yabemi. Sebenzisa imfuza ye Drosophila pseudoobscura bhabha, bafumanisa ukuba ngokomndilili bekukho ithuba le-15% lokuba umntu lowo abe yi-heterozygous, oko kukuthi, babenokudityaniswa kokungaphezulu kwesinye kwisigaba esifanayo.

Ukwafundile ukwahluka kwemfuza kubemi babantu. Ngo-1972 wapapasha inqaku apho yena ibonakalise ukuba uninzi lokwahluka kwemfuza, kufutshane nama-85%, kufunyanwa kumaqela endawo, ngelixa umahluko obangelwe ngumgaqo wesiko wobuhlanga awubonakalisi ngaphezulu kwe-15% yokwahluka kwemfuza kuhlobo lomntu. Kungenxa yoko le nto iLewontin iphantse yaphikisana kwaphela nayo nayiphi na intsingiselo yemfuza eqinisekisa ukuba ukwahluka ngokobuhlanga, ngokwentlalo nangokwenkcubeko kuyimveliso engqongqo yokuzimisela kwemfuzo.

Nangona kunjalo, le ngxelo iye yaqatshelwa kwaye abanye abaphandi baveze izimvo ezahlukileyo. Umzekelo, ngo-2003 i-AWF Edwards, isazinzulu saseBritani nesenzululwazi ngendaleko, yayizigxeka iingxelo zikaLewontin, isithi ubuhlanga, nokuba bungcono okanye bubi, busengathathelwa ingqalelo njengolwakhiwo lwerhafu olusemthethweni.

Umbono kwi-Biology yoPhuculo

Iimbono zikaRichard Lewontin kwi-genetics ziphawuleka ukugxeka kwakhe ezinye izinto zebhayoloji eziguqukayo. Ngo-1975, u-EO Wilson, ugqirha webhayoloji waseMelika, wacebisa inguquko kwincwadi yakhe Intlalontle . I-Lewontin igcine impikiswano enkulu ngoochwephesha bezentlalo kunye noochwephesha bengqondo, njengoWilson okanye uRichard Dawkins, abacebisa inkcazo yokuziphatha kwezilwanyana kunye namandla ezentlalo ngokubhekisele kulungelelwaniso oluhle.

Ngokwaba baphandi, indlela yokuziphatha eluntwini iya kugcinwa ukuba oko kuthetha uhlobo oluthile lokuxhamla kwiqela. U-Lewontin akahambelani nesi siqinisekiso, kwaye kumanqaku aliqela kunye neminye yemisebenzi yakhe eyaziwa kakhulu Akukho kwiiGenesis Uzigxekile iintsilelo zethiyori zokuncitshiswa kwemfuza.

Ukuphendula kwezi ngxelo, uphakamise umbono we "lean." Ngaphakathi kwibhayoloji yokuzivelela kwezinto, ingqobelo siseti yeempawu zomzimba ezikhoyo njengesiphumo esifanelekileyo ukuze ezinye iimpawu, mhlawumbi zenze uhlengahlengiso okanye kungenzeki, zingenzeka, nangona oko kunganyanzelekanga ukuba kuphuculwe amandla okanye ukusinda kwayo kwimeko-bume. apho ihleli khona, oko kukuthi, olu seto lweempawu alunyanzelekanga ukuba lube luhlengahlengiso.

Kwi Ubume kunye nokusingqongileyo , ULeontin iyayigxeka imbono yemveli kaDarwin yokuba izinto eziphilayo zivela nje ekufumaneni impembelelo yokusingqongileyo. KuRichard Lewontin, izinto eziphilayo ziyakwazi ukuphembelela imeko yazo, zisebenza njengabakhi abasebenzayo. I-niches ye-ecological ayenziwanga ngaphambili kwaye ayizizo izitya ezingenanto apho iifom zobomi zifakwe nje kanjalo. Ezi niches zichaziwe kwaye zenziwa ziifom zobomi ezihlala kuzo.

Kowona mbono wokuziqhelanisa nokuziphendukela kwemvelo, okusingqongileyo kubonwa njengezinto ezizimeleyo nezizimeleyo zomzimba, ngaphandle kokuchaphazela okokugqibela. Endaweni yoko, U-Lewontin uthi, ngokwembono ye-constructivist, ukuba umzimba kunye nokusingqongileyo kugcina ubudlelwane be-dialectical, apho bobabini banempembelelo omnye komnye kwaye batshintshe ngaxeshanye. Ukutyhubela izizukulwana, imeko-bume iyatshintsha kunye nabantu abafumana zombini utshintsho lweatomical kunye nokuziphatha.

Ushishino lwezolimo

URichard Lewontin ubhale malunga neenguqu zoqoqosho "lweshishini lezolimo", eliguqulelwa kwishishini lezolimo okanye kwishishini lezolimo. Ubuye wathi umbona we-hybridi uphuhlisiwe kwaye usasazwa hayi kuba ungcono kunombona wesintu, kodwa ngenxa yokuba ivumele iinkampani ezikwicandelo lezolimo ukuba zinyanzele amafama ukuba athenge imbewu entsha rhoqo ngonyaka endaweni yokutyala iintlobo zawo zobomi. .

Oku kwamkhokelela ekubeni anike ubungqina kwityala lase-California, ezama ukutshintsha inkxaso-mali yelizwe yophando kwiindidi zembewu evelisa ngakumbi, kuthathelwa ingqalelo ukuba oku kwakubanomdla omkhulu kwimibutho kunye nomngcipheko kumfama wase-North America.